Tonkina

Tonkina (Tonkinese:တောင်ကြီမာ; Manju:ᢐᠦᠨᢉᢈᠨᠺᠠ᠋), officially the People's Kingdom of Taungkyina (Tonkinese:ပြည်သူ့နိုင်ငံ တောင်ကြီမာ) is a country in Northeast Kesh. Tonkina is bordered by Beifang and to its Southwest, Guurdalai to its South, and the Eurybian sea and the Tethys Ocean to its North and Northeast. With a size of 526275 km2, Tonkina is the Smallest of the Mainland East Keshan states by area. As of 2017, the population is about 125 million. Tonkina has been a member of the since 1987.

Early civilisations in Tonkina included the Piyu city-states in the coastal areas and the Tungusic kingdoms in Upper Tonkina. In the 9th century, the seafaring Ainu people entered the peninsula and, following a conflict that ended in the 1050s, all three cultures which are commonplace today became dominant in the country. The Tungustic Kingdom fell due to the Selengarian invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Dulimbai dynasty with Beifang, the country was for a brief period the most populated nation in Mainland East Kesh. The early 17th-century Kyat dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Tonkina and briefly controlled Beiyue and Dornod as well. The Tiperyn North Kesh Company seized control of the administration of parts Tonkina after three Tiperyn-Tonkinese Wars in the 18th century and most of the country became a Tiperyn colony. Tonkina gained independence in 1901 following a brief war in which Tiperyn ceded all colonial claims except for the Realm City of Saikam.

In 1949, following a period of drought and famine, the Communist leader Abakai Wehiyehe Led a revolution and a Coup d'etat that overthrew the Monarchy and banished the Royal family to Akiteiwa. During this period, the People's Democratic Republic of Taungkyina was subject to massive cultural and economic changes. During the "Mankind Initiative", a mostly failed attempt at rapid industrializaton, an estimated 10 million people died of various causes such as starvation, drought, and natural disasters. The communist regime collapsed in 1987 after a foreign-backed revolution saw the overthrow of the government and the re-establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

Economy
Tonkina is an emerging economy and is considered by many to be a newly industrialised country. Tonkina had a 2017 GDP of US$2.513 trillion (on a purchasing power parity basis). In addition, Tonkina is the smallest economy in East Kesh. Tonkina does not rank very high on the per capita scale of GDP, Ranking at one of the lowest in the region. Tonkina also has a large income disparity due to the urban, industrial population being far wealthier than the rural, agrarian population.

Tourism makes up about 6% of the country's economy. Tonkina is the third most visited country in East Kesh in 2019, according to the Anterra Tourism Organisation. Tourism is very popular in Tonkina due to the relatively low cost of goods, the abundance of natural sites and the close proximity to wealthy Artemian nations such as Yarova. When including the indirect effects of tourism, it is said to account for 15.2 percent of Tonkina's GDP.

Culture
Tonkinese culture throughout its history have often been influenced by other cultures, from the neighboring Beifang and Selengeria as well as many other east keshan states. Tonkinese culture draws from its three main ethnic groups: The Indigenous Tonkinese or Myitluu people, the Manju people, and the Muora people. The 3 ethnic groups dominate Tonkinese culture today. In addition, The traditional focuses of Tonkinese culture are based on humanity, harmony, and honesty; in which family and community values are highly regarded. Tonkina reveres a number of key cultural symbols, such as the Tonkinese Tiger which is derived from Sabre-toothed cat and Bengal tiger imagery; Many Tonkinese also believe in the supernatural and spiritualism where illness can be brought on by a curse or sorcery or caused by non-observance of a religious ethic (Zhulge Dasargan). Traditional medical practitioners, amulets and other forms of spiritual protection and religious practices may be employed to treat the ill person.

Art
Tonkinese art draws heavy influence from the traditional styles of both Beifang and Selengeria, although this is only seen in the Myitluu culure. In the case of Manju, it would be considered one of the oldest continuous traditions in the world, and is marked by an unusual degree of continuity within, and consciousness of, that tradition, lacking an equivalent to the Western collapse and gradual recovery of classical styles.

Literature
Tonkinese literature has been greatly influenced by Taoism, notably the Way of life. Many historical works are nonfiction. However, Tiperyn colonisation introduced many genres of fiction, which have become extremely popular today. Poetry features prominently, and there are several forms of poetry unique to Tonkinese literature. By 1976, only 411 titles were published annually, compared to 1882, when 445 titles were published. Various factors, especially the lengthened bureaucratic process to obtain printing permits, censorship, and increasing economic hardship of consumers because of the economic schemes, contributed to the decline of Tonkinese literary output.