Maracatibe

Maracatibe (pronounced in : /m'ar'ak′at'ib'e/) officially, Sovereign Community of Maracatibe (in Portuguese: Comunidade Soberana do Maracatibe; in : Mbarakatyba Suberã Abatyba) is a country, more specifically a federal republic, in southern Avalonia. It shares land borders with Zahava to the south, Albaterra to the west and sea with Theyka to the north. It is limited to the north and east by the Iapetus Ocean. The country has a population of approximately 77.3 million, and a land area of ​​1,380,400 km². Salgado is the capital, but its largest city is São Pedro, located on the north coast, with 5.5 million inhabitants.

Maracatibe is a former colony of Jungastia. Before colonization, its territory was a patchwork of hundreds of tribes and states with different languages ​​and dialects. Colonization began in the 16th century, with the establishment of small ports to facilitate access to Albaterra. Friction with native states became inevitable, and Jungastian colonization was consolidated in the following century. Maracatibe formally declared its independence in 1907, the year in which a war broke out, guided by the ideals of a movement led by Father Justiniano Salgado, who was killed months before. Its democracy is recent, proceeding from the 1982 Constitution. Before that period, Maracatibe suffered a military dictatorship and previously a socialist dictatorship. In addition, throughout the military dictatorship and a few years after the re-democratization, the Maracatibean Conflict took place.

Due to the being predominant, Maracatibe has landscapes marked by lush tropical forests and paradisiacal islands near its coast, which attract millions of tourists every year. Its forests have a huge, mainly of birds and plants, in which Maracatibe is on the podium of the list of the highest variety of species. In the southwest, there is a higher relief, where Mount of Lança Negra is located, the highest point in the country, with 3,450 m of altitude. The north of the country is located on the edge of the Avalonia plate with the Brigantic plate, which, due to their convergent movements, cause a tectonic instability that has already caused very deadly earthquakes throughout its documented history. The country has 7 active, most of which are on islands off the north coast. ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀

Etimology
Maracatibe comes from : Mbarakatyba, generated by agglutination of the words Mbaraká (or Maracá), which is a traditional rattle, and Tyba, which means gathering. Therefore, in this context, it means "noisy settlement", and refers to the former capital of the Kwabatuban Empire, Indaiataba, wich was a large and well-developed city.

Bangui and Kwaba people
The territory that today corresponds to Mararacatibe began to be populated by the Bangui in the _____ century BC. The first peoples came from the north of Avalonia, probably passing through the Islands of Theyka until they reached the northern region of Maracatibe. There they split up, since some stayed in the north, and others moved hundreds more kilometers until they reached the southeast Maracatibean, where the states of Bangui, Serra Verde and Paraté are currently located. The people of the southwest started to live in villages or in caves, and originated the Bangui people.

The Bangui were the first pre-Maracatibean people known to practice, and they mainly cultivated , which together with fruit and fish formed the food base of the Bangui villages. In the villages, there were normally between five hundred and six hundred people, who lived in large collective dwellings, whose wooden structure was covered with palm leaves. Bangui society was matriarchal, and there was no established tribal leader, although the oldest and considered wisest woman was the most respected individual, and therefore guided the tribe in various matters. Bangui villages can also be considered as a, since subjects of great importance were discussed and decided by a meeting of the elderly in the ma'oka (tent that was in the central part of the village).

Studies show that the Kwaba are later than the Bangui, and would have initially inhabited the southeastern region, more specifically in the valleys of the Ibirá and Piúna rivers, affluemts of the southern bank of the Moriquê river. These tribes, who were nomadic, would have started a migration in the _____ century towards the mouth of the Moriquê River, and with that, spreading throughout the region corresponding to the modern Maracatibe, but with greater presence in the northeast, where the Abataba province is currently located. The Kwaba probably became involved in conflicts with descendants of Banguis or even pre-Theykian peoples who inhabited the northeast coast when they arrived there.

Like the Bangui, the Kwaba also had knowledge of agriculture, acquired while still inhabiting the southwest of the Moriquê River basin. Their tribes were divided into villages, which owned collective housing similar to that of the Banguis. The division of labor was made according to sex and age. Women, in addition to domestic chores, were engaged in agriculture and collection and collaborated in fishing. They were in charge of the preparation of kawin – cassava-based alcoholic drink – and of many craft activities, such as weaving nets, braiding baskets, making rugs, etc.

In addition to clearing the forest and preparing the land for planting, men were involved in hunting, fishing and the manufacture of, also with weapons and work tools. They were to erect the houses, defend the village, take part in the war and execute the prisoners. It was also the men who exercised the role of healers.

Children helped their parents with some activities and performed tasks corresponding to their age, such as taking care of younger siblings or scaring off birds from the plantations in the period before the harvest.

Cannibalism and conflicts
Some Kwaba tribes had anthropophagic rituals, in which warriors from Banguis or other tribes were captured, passed through a rite until they were executed and eaten, as a way of blessing the warriors of the tribe itself. The Bangui, on the other hand, were never cannibals, as their religion considered human flesh unclean to other humans, and their ingestion could cause a perpetual curse.

Due to the fact that many of the Kwabas tribes practice these anthropophagic rituals, the Bangui came to believe that all Kwaba were cursed, and with this, several conflicts occurred to prevent them from approaching the area inhabited by the Bangui, in order to prevent the  forest is infested with demons.

Kwaba City-states


By the 12th century BC, a northeastern tribe had become the first city-state among the Kwaba people. The development of the city took place in a peculiar way, as it consisted of bringing together several villages with around a large pyramidal temple, the Ananara Temple, dedicated to the god Ananara, of fertility, and protective mutuxás (spirits of the forest). Previously, the Kwabas had already built small pyramids, which served as mausoleums, temples and markings. These pyramids, called tatatés, were close to the villages, in the middle of the forest. However, the pyramid of Ananara was much larger than the tatatés, and it took decades for its construction. The pyramid consisted of three stacked pyramid trunks, with a flat top, where a house was. It had four external access stairs and only its top had some form of previous access.



Ananarataba (literally Ananara village) then became the first pre-Maracatibean city-state. Ananarataba had, around the year of completion of the great pyramid, 12 thousand inhabitants (equivalent to approximately 24 common villages). The city was surrounded by a circular wooden wall with 8 observation towers at its 4 entrances. Outside the city, there was an area dedicated to agriculture. There was a central square and a cupular building called iandokoka, which would bring together the naurus (military), shamans (priests and healers) and the morubixaba (chief of the tribe).

Ananarataba withstood many invasions from other tribes well, and served as an inspiration for other Kwaba to create cities instead of scattered villages. In addition, around the 8th century BC, Ananarataba became overpopulated, which caused Ananaratabans to move to other cities and towns. At its peak, it had 20 thousand inhabitants, and had a great influence on the nearby tribes.

The rise of cities, however, was restricted to the northeast of the country, as the Kwaba from other regions continued to live in small villages. While the Kwabas in cities had already written, in addition to a high technological knowledge for the time, the Kwabas of the west continued to live in a primitive way.

The city-states, of which Ananataba, Indaiataba, Kwatiba, Uyakutaba, Okataba, Tupanataba and Guaranataba were the most important, were independent from each other, although Ananataba was the most influential city for a long time. There were joint rituals, such as the year-end ritual, in which several priests from the various cities and towns went to the Ananara temple, in Ananarataba, to hold the Ananara festival, with the aim of obtaining good harvest and good fishing in the following year.

Bangui Kingdom
The Bangui Kingdom was founded around the 4th century BC, in the southeast of Maracatibe. The Bangui were divided into several clans, with several clans controlling a number of villages. The Eyatzau clan was the most northerly, and was very close to the Kwaba city-states. Therefore, several conflicts occurred in that region, since the Eyatzau coordinated looting over the Kwaba villages to prevent them from advancing south. Despite not having developed cities like the Kwabas, the Eyatzau clan was also the one with the most villages and population among the Bangui clans, in addition to having the best economy. Unlike the other Bangui, who were a mix of gerontocrats and matriarchs, the Eyatzay clan was centered on the figure of the mauta (king), who was the descendant of the oldest family in the clan.



In order to increase his power, Eyatzay's mauta, Onyakapoeny III, started the Onyakoeponics Campaigns, which consisted of a series of invasions of other Bangui tribes. Although they lasted a long time (more than 10 years), wars were successful for the Eyatzay, who had more experience, a better economy, a more trained army and better weapons (the other Bangui did not even have metal weapons, for example). At the end of the 700 BC, the southeast of Maracatibe was unified in a single kingdom, the Bangui Kingdom.

The Bangui Kingdom was divided into provinces (twegzaplats), led by a specific family of the Eyatzay clan. It had a unique code of laws, the Onyakaponic code.

Under the government of Onyakapoeny V (291 BC), the Bangui had their initial golden era, with the development of cities, population growth and increased trade with people from the south (Zahava). Unlike the Kwabas, the Bangui had navies, which were useful for the occupation of the southeast coast and for trade with Zahavian peoples.

Graunaí War (291-240 BC)
Onyakapoeny V also had expansionist ideas, and wanted to conquer the north (populated by Kwabas). That is why, since he took office, he has worked to strengthen the Bangui army, through heavy investment in training soldiers and increasing military numbers. The efforts were useful to obtain successive victories over the Kwabas south of the Morikê River. An important milestone was the conquest of Ananarataba, which was completely destroyed by the Bangui, with its entire surviving population becoming slaves.

The war would last for more than 40 decades, with many intervals of peace, and during that time, the Bangui would assimilate the knowledge of the Kwabas and even started building their own pyramids, the Bangui Pyramids. On the enemy side, the surviving city-states consolidated their alliance led by Indaiataba, and assembled an army that would be superior to the Bangui. Onyakoeponic Dinasty would die thanks to the powerful army of the Kwaba alliance, and also thanks to the betrayal of the southern families, who broke with the Eyatzay clan in order not to be dominated by the Kwaba.

Foundation of the Indaiataba Empire (211 BC)
Indaiataba was already the largest and richest city before the war, surpassing Ananarataba. Under the government of Jucá IV, Indaiataba built a large pyramid complex in the 3rd century BC, which included the Great Pyramid of Iandetupan, which would become the largest structure ever built by mankind, maintaining this title for decades.

Indaiataba gained even more prestige after leading the victory of the Kwabas in the Graunaí War. For this reason, most of the spoils of war and taxes levied on the Slave State of Nothern Bangui (a buffer tributary state, separating the Kwaba city-states from the southern clans of Bangui). He also created the Morikê Treaty, which established a unified army of Kwaba cities, maintained by contributions from all members, but most of these contributions were used only in Indaiataba. This led to the city of Guaranataba to break with Indaiataba and start a civil war against the hegemony of Indaiataba. This campaign failed, and after a few months of conflict, Indaiataba crushed the residence of the other cities and unified the Kwabas of the northeast once and for all, founding the Indaiataba Empire.

Indaiataba empire society was formed by:
 * Iandemorubixaba: emperor by right of the gods
 * Iandepajés: members of a special council, who assisted the emperor in military, religious and economic matters.  At first their function was purely priestly, but they assumed the other functions because they were intensely dedicated to studies in several other areas.
 * Pajés and Ikwas: the former were common religious leaders, and the latter were great scholars in the fields of medicine, mathematics, astronomy and philosophy, they also assumed secondary functions in governance.
 * Naurús (warriors): The naurús were dedicated to military activities.  They received intense training since the age of 4 (many died during training, such was the rigidity)
 * Takwais: traders and landowners.  There was an internal hierarchy, since its members could be small traders and also owners of vast agricultural units that owned several slaves and servants
 * Free workers
 * Slaves: obtained by capture, conquest in wars, purchase or debt.

The Kwaba civilization, mainly under Indaiataba Empire, was very advanced for its time, having numerous important contributions in mathematics (mainly in geometry), in medicine (with the discovery of various medicinal plants and treatments) and in astronomy.

Arrival of Jungastians


In June 1570, a Jungastian fleet led by Antonio Baptista arrived in the region where Barra Vermelha is today, and sailed along the coast until reaching Albaterra. Upon returning to Jungastia, Baptista informed the court about the new findings. While he was selected to lead the exploration of Albaterra, another general, named Luís de Sá, was appointed to lead the exploration of Maracatibe, at the time called Terra Baptista.

The contact with the natives was initially friendly, with the settlers having successfully translated the Guará-Kwaba language into Portuguese. The first form of economic exploitation was by free labor of natives, who collected wood, dyes and spices in exchange for clothes, mirrors and other accessories of Artemia.

Terra Baptista became an administrative part of Albaterra, but when Jungastian ships entered the Moriquê river and had contact with the Kwabatuban Empire, at the time governed by Tupanajara XVII, in 1602, Jungastia turned Terra Batista into a separate administrative region. Initially, the Kwabas and Jungastians had harmonious relations, with Jungastia helping Kwabas to conquer the Banguí Kingdom in 1604, in exchange for land and gold.

Debt War (1606-1617)
The Jungastians claimed that aid to the Kwabas was not well rewarded, and so they began to pressure the empire to allocate most of their gold production to Jungastia. After accusations that the natives were hiding gold, the Jungastians demanded that fiscal officers be sent to guarantee full payment of the war's debt. As payment was not being made properly, Jungastia declared war on the Kwabatuban Empire.

Even weakened by disease and the problems caused by the war against Bangui, the Kwabas took an initial advantage. The Jungastians could not destroy the Kwabas Empire in a short time because they also had to take care of the Holy War of Avalonia (1600-1701). The Kwabas had conquered all Jungastian ports throughout northeast of Maracatibe.

However, as the 100-year war in Albaterra had several periods without battles, Jungastia can dedicate itself to fighting the Kwabas in these periods of "peace". Due to the material superiority and experience of the Jungastians, and the fact that the Kwabatuban Empire was weak internally, Jungastia took the capital Indaiataba on February 6, 1617, marking the end of the Debt War.

Colonial Era (1617-1907)
The ancient city of Indaiataba was partially destroyed and transformed into the colonial capital, dubbed Porto Real. The Jungastians adopted the captaincies model. The captaincies were lands ceded to nobles who undertook to build villages, plantations and other necessary infrastructure to make the feud profitable. Gold and silver mining was also very important. Jungastians looted gold from temples and palaces and took pre-existing mines. The workforce of the captancies and mines was predominantly made by slaves.

In 1698, the captaincy model was replaced by a government centralized in the figure of the general-governor, based in Porto Real. Two states were created, the State of Baptista (south) and the State of Maracatibe (north). The first general-governor of Maracatibe and Baptista was Casimiro de Lima e Silva, who boosted the colonial economy, which was based on, , , , and.

Golden Era (1740-1810)
Mining has always been very strong, as the Kwabas were already aware of large reserves of gold and silver. However, such reserves were declining, until in the 18th century, when large gold, diamond and emerald deposits were discovered. The high growth of the city of Serra da Esmeralda and Mina Rica stands out.

The so-called Golden Era was marked by the growth of cities (close to mining regions), the development of transport infrastructure and the creation of a well-articulated internal market, in view of the massive migration to Maracatibe. During this period, Maracatibe was the world's largest producer of, and. Mine workers ranged from slaves to free workers in search of better living conditions. Many settlers from Albaterra migrated to Maracatibe to work in the mines, and some brought with them. The Golden Age was very important for the occupation of the territory, given that it displaced many from the coast to the interior, and had its rise at that time, also contributing to the interior occupation. This occupation was not peaceful, being the basis of several bloody conflicts with people not yet colonized.

In addition to the states of Maracatibe and Baptista, the territories of Esmeraldina and Diamantina were created, which had direct control of the Jungastian crown, to facilitate the sending of metals and precious stones. Due to the importance, Maracatibe and Baptista received the title of Viceroyalty, with D. Afonso Limoeiro being the first viceroy. However, mining began to decline slowly from 1750.

Teroitabas, refuges in the forest
During this period, slavery and its mild forms (servitude) intensified. Many slaves managed to escape and set up walled villages in the middle of the forest, the "teroitaba" (meaning hidden village). Teroitabas consisted of veritable parallel states within colonial territory, and coordinated revolts with the aim of restoring the Kwabatuban Empire. Teroitabas hunting was largely done by mercenaries and explorers. At the peak, there were more than 208 teroitabas within the areas controlled by Jungastia, where an average of 281 escaped slaves/servants and helpers lived. At the end of slavery, 93 communities remained.

Sebastiana revolt (1750)
Although slavery was widely used in colonial Maracatibe, it was not practiced without resistance from the enslaved. A great example of this resistance is the Sebastiana Revolt, the biggest slave revolt in the history of maracatibe

The slaves of Sebastiana's farm, after a pregnant slave was whipped to death for refusing to continue working, even though she was in pain because of her pregnancy. Slaves demanded better working conditions, such as more food and an end to physical punishment. They even took over some farms and beheaded their owners. The movement spread to other cities, where slaves began to fight to end slavery.

The revolts caused the death of thousands of slaves (historians estimate between 1 and 5,000), in addition to the physical punishment of several associated with the movement. The leaders of the revolts, 17 slaves, and 5 free men, were publicly executed by orders from the colonial government. The episode increased the rigidity of the slave system and the persecution of escaped slaves. The horrors of this repression helped to base the Charter of Santiago, which also denounced slavery in Albaterra.

End of slavery (1753-1780)
Slavery was abolished in 1753. Unlike Albaterra, the viceroy of Maracatibe and Baptista did not disobey the king, although the desire of local farmers was to maintain slavery.

The total abolition of slavery in 1780 by Jungastia did not improve much the condition of the ex-slaves, who went on to become servants. They still had to pay high labor fees to their masters and some suffered physical punishment, even though they were prohibited. Even so, there was an economic impact with slavery, which bothered local elites.

Independence of the Oriental Republic of Maracatibe (1792)
Against the end of slavery, white farmers hired mercenaries to form a pro-independence army. They initially demanded the abolition of several taxes, through the Letter of Ávis.

The letter was not answered by the king, who ordered the sending of troops to fight the revolutionaries. The farmers were supported by white men, but the descendants of natives opposed the independence movement due to intense royal propaganda that linked the farmers to the return of slavery.

On the night of June 2, 1792, Guará-Kwabas and other descendants of natives armed with machetes killed several pro-independence farmers, and set their properties on fire.

The war lasted until December 1792, ending the six months of independence on the east coast of Maracatibe. The movement's leaders were exiled, arrested and fined. The natives who killed the farmers were also punished.

Esmeraldina Revolt (1832)
With the decline of mining, Jungastia began to raise taxes on gold, emeralds and diamonds mined in Maracatibe and Baptista. This occurred as the colonial economy stopped receiving large investments, and the quality of life of the colonists deteriorated. The dissatisfaction of elites and workers in the mining-related regions led to the deed of the Esmeraldina Petition, in which the locals refused to pay the abusive taxes. The petition was not answered by Jungastia, and the settlers planned an independent revolt, under the leadership of Alfredo Gama.

Esmeraldina Revolt had an initial success, with colonial authority being expelled from several cities in the mine area. But the Emeraldina Republic was short-lived (three months), as the colonial army soon succeeded in deposing all rebel leaders. The movement's leaders were arrested, and some exiled, as was the case with Alfredo Gama, who was expelled to the island of Nova Santa Helena, in the Tethys Ocean.

Era of coffee, iron and cotton (1830s)
At the time of the industrial revolution, Maracatibe became one of the largest cotton suppliers in the world. That time coincided with the rise of coffee as a major export product. The mining of emerald and diamonds grew slightly, and the large iron reserves were finally tapped. Maracatibe was a major supplier of this raw material to the Jungastian industries.

During that time, the first industries established in Maracatibe. They were fabric industries (for coffee bags), but they were in small quantities, since Jungastia decreed in 1858 to ban the installation of industries in the country, making an exception for Sociedade Real do Aço (Royal Steel Society), a steel company located in São Pedro. During this period, the construction of the Coastal Railway Line (1846-1870), the first Jungastian railway outside of Jungastia, stands out. At that time, there was also a revitalization of the economy of the interior of regions of dense forest, with a large flow of workers for rubber extraction and collection of spices.

As Maracatibe served only as a support for the industrialization of Jungastia and other powers, independentist ideals were strengthened. The local bourgeoisie wanted the abolition of the ban on the installation of industries, and this would not be met with the colonial absolutist monarchy. An important pro-independence newspaper was created, called A Voz de Maracatibe (The Voice of Maracatibe), which disseminated liberal ideas.

First Republic in Jungastia (1895-1907)
After the fall of the Jungastian Transition to Democracy in 1895, the colonial authorities of Maracatibe were deposed by a National Guard made up of mercenaries hired by pro-independence farmers. After the formation of the first Jungastian parliament, Maracatibe sent a series of demands, such as the end of bureaucracies for the construction of infrastructure, the abolition of many colonial taxes and the freedom to create factories in Maracatibe.

These demands were met "in half" but the Opening of Ports in 1896 (allowed Maracatibe to trade with nations other than Jungastia) had a great effect on the country's economy. A young and small textile industry was on the rise. Some other industries have also emerged to cover local demands, such as lighting, electricity, shipbuilding and railways.

Despite this, colonial taxes remained high, and the elite of Maracatibe began to fight for the end of colony status. As taxes also weighed on the lower classes, many also wanted better living conditions.

War of Independence (1907-1914)
After the rise of the Second Jungastian Republic, the crisis in the country got even worse, and this hit Maracatibe. The first actions of the second republic were to raise taxes on all settlers, to prohibit the creation of more industries in Maracatibe and the strengthening of the colonial pact. Republicans denied all settlers' demands for political representation.

Father Justiniano Salgado did charity work with the poorest, providing food and housing for homeless people and small farming families. Taxes weighed heavily on the poorer classes, and Salgado began to advocate for the improvement of the population's living conditions, and the end of racial segregation laws. Justinian preached civil disobedience, and marched with supporters to the colonial capital, Porto Real. Wherever he went, he encouraged poor communities to refuse to pay taxes to Jungastians and to buy Jungastian products until popular demands were met. Thus, there was a large growth in the parallel market. The middle class and some sectors of the elite started to support the priest, and financed the creation of manufactures illegally.

The revolt was initially peaceful, but after Jungastia sent soldiers, a popular army was formed, the so-called Front for the Liberation of the Maracatibean People. They declared independence on April 26, 1907. The rebels were initially crushed by Jungastia, and many rebels were killed between April and September 1907, including the charismatic Father Justiniano Salgado, who was shot in public. The violent repression of the secessionist movement, coupled with the increase in Jungastia's tax and legal oppression over the colony, made the independence movement take national proportions. With the help of anti-Jungastia nations, such XX, the Maracatibean Liberation Front seized Porto Real in October 1907, imprisoning the colonial authorities and establishing a Provisional Government.

Provisional government (1907-1909)
The provisional government was headed by General Caio de Lima Guimarães, who commanded the Maracatibean Liberation Front. Colonial authorities were arrested, but many fled to Albaterra. The provisional government convened a National Constituent Assembly and a Temporary Governance Council, to assume legislative functions until the end of the drafting of the constitution.

Taxes were reduced and several laws linked to the colonial pact were repealed. The constitution established the Sovereign Community of Maracatibe as the official language, removing "Baptista" from the name. The capital, Porto Real, was renamed back to Indaiataba. The has become the type of government.

During the period of the provisional government, Maracatibean troops even engaged with Jungastians in Albaterra. The dense tropical forest between the two colonies hampered progress on both sides, and President Guimarães gave up on conquering Albaterra, despite sending supplies to the Albaterran Liberation Army, which was unsuccessful in its attempt at independence.

First Republic (1909-1926)
In June 1909, the 1909 Constitution was finished, and established that the next deputies, senators and the president would be elected for 4 years. There was great resistance to the constitution, as it maintained segregationist laws, which even restricted the right of non-whites to vote and stand as a candidate. Non-whites could only run for low positions, and had to have a minimum income to vote. Minimum income that excluded at least 5/9 of the non-black adult male population. In addition, it was necessary to be literate. In general, the First Republic was marked by authoritarian governments, which mainly represented the interests of landowning elites.

The Presidential Elections of 1909 in Maracatibe elected Paulo Mascarenhas d'Ávila, of the Constitutionalist Republican Party, with 85.5% of the votes. These elections were marked by fraud, poor attendance and imposed votes (allies of the winning candidate, with possessions, threatened the poorest to vote for him). D'Ávila was an ally of Guimarães. During his government, landowners benefited from subsidies and reduced taxes. In addition, D'Ávila built schools, universities and hospitals, initiating a major health plan for the eradication of various diseases.

Recognition of Independence
Jungastia was experiencing great difficulties, and had to control instability in the country itself and also in Albaterra. Inflation was so great that prices doubled every week or two. Social tensions were extremely high, and Jungastia drastically reduced his efforts to try to take Maracatibe back. In 1910, with the inauguration of Paulo D'Ávila, conversations began to recognize independence. Jungastia demanded payment of one hundred million dollars, which was a very high price, which the Maracatibeans were not willing to pay, stating that the Jungastians owed colonial reparations.

Conversations stagnated until 1913, when the political, social and economic situation in the Second Republic of Jungastia worsened. Meanwhile, Maracatibe was recovering, and had acquired several military equipment (at the cost of increasing the debt), such as ships and aircraft. Several naval battles marked the end of 1913, as Maracatibe had tried to block Jungastia's access to Albaterra until independence was recognized.

Between December 1913 and January 1914, new conversations took place, and Jungastia agreed to recognize Maracatibe's independence, as long as Maracatibe ceased support for secessionist movements in Albaterra. Maracatibe also revoked the expropriation of Jungastian lands and the ban on Jungastian companies from operating in the country. In return, Jungastia gave up the Black Triangle (region between Maracatibe and Albaterra, which was officially Albaterra but was neglected because it was formed by dense forests), ceded to Maracatibe, by the Treaty of Indaiataba (1914), on January 6. To celebrate the recognition of indecency, Justiniano Salgado's hometown, Vila do Leite, was renamed Salgado and received heavy investments to become a planned city, which would become the capital of Maracatibe since then.

Uprising of Barra Vermelha (1916)
In 1916, close to the elections, a popular revolt occurred against the government of Mascarenhas D'Ávila. The government of the time, supported by the mayor of Barra Vermelha, created an urbanization plan that ordered the destruction of the houses of the poor (ugly houses) in the city center, to make way for buildings with better visuals. The poor were pushed to the peripheries, creating slums. As they were mostly descendants of natives, they also fought to end racial segregation.

They were severely repressed by the Urban Police, with many being killed in clashes. In addition to this revolt, there was a mutiny in the Navy, as the sailors protested the physical punishments applied to Marcelo Xavier (500 lashes, of which only 100 were allowed) for having supported the revolt in the city.

News of the revolt spread throughout the country, and the 1916 General Strike was called, demanding an improvement in living conditions and an end to segregation policies. In response to the strike, the government raised taxes, and repressed more radical protesters. In addition, members of the People's t Vanguard were persecuted and arrested. Several newspapers were censored and journalists were convicted.

In the 1916 general elections, Joaquim Góis, of the Federalist Party won with 67.7% of the votes, which generated a great popular reaction, also muffled.

Civil Rights
Due to the increase in revolts, Góis had to meet popular demands, and for that reason, in his government, the end of segregation laws in politics and the secret and women vote were approved. Góis also encouraged the learning of native languages, such as Guará-Kwatib, and invested heavily in early childhood education.

1924 election
In 1924, Márcio Andrade, from People's Vanguard, won the elections with 52.5% of the valid votes. Opponents of the socialist accused him of fraud. As soon as he took office, he initiated nationalization programs in sectors of the economy previously controlled by multinationals, increased the minimum wage, established new labor laws, invested in the basic industry and carried out land reform, which displeased the landowning elite. This led to a coup d'état in 1926, in which the military, led by Carlos Alberto Menezes, took power for three months.

Revolution of 1926
In the government of Alberto Menezes, president Márcio Andrade was arrested. Menezes claimed that Andrade, helped by international socialism, defrauded the elections so that he could make Maracatibe a socialist country, and with that, put dictators in power to oppress the population and lead the people to misery. The attempt to convince failed, and a coup d'état took place within the coup d'état and caused Menezes to flee to Jungastia, where he was supported by dictator Marcelo Pisani Coutinho.

The coup put Andrade back in power, and suspended the National Congress, stating that they were coup leaders. Andrade created a Constituent Assembly formed of workers, rural workers and teachers, to draft a new constitution.

Socialism (1926-1944)
The coup d'état against Andrade served to radicalize the left, represented by People's Vanguard, which began to adopt the communist ideology for good (before they called themselves reformers). The 1926 Constituent Assembly, formed by ordinary workers and socialist ideologues, was in fact controlled by People's Vanguard, and with that, a socialist constitution, called the People's Constitution, was created, to "shield the Maracatibean people from the obscure interests of domestic and foreign elites, and create conditions for overcoming underdevelopment", in the words of President Márcio Andrade.

Maracatibe became the Maracatibean Democratic People's Republic, and a nationalization of all sectors of the economy began. This generated the reaction of capitalist states, such as XX, YY, XZ ..., which established an embargo on the country.

MDPR had three presidents, Márcio Andrade (1926-1932), Romeu Boaventura (1932) and Ivo Aguiar (1932-1944). All governments were marked by media control and the arrest of opponents, but the government of Ivo Aguiar was the most oppressive, responsible for sending opponents to forced labor camps and even executing the enemies of the revolution. Aguiar worked actively for international socialism, financing the murder of owners of multinationals around the world and providing money and weapons to socialist groups. One of the great plans was the financing of the Socialist Front of Albaterra, to establish independence and create the United Socialist States of Southern Avalonia (Union of Lusophone Socialist States of Avalonia was also proposed).

The socialist system proved unsustainable with Aguiar, as oppression was already becoming unpopular as the initial success had been overshadowed by the scarcity of food and the inaccessibility of various services (which also received contributions from the embargoes). The purges in the armies caused the deposition of Ivo Aguiar in 1944, and General Herique Martins de Aquino took power, supported by foreigners from XX, YY, ZZ...

Brief Democracy (1944-1956)
When Aquino came to power, a violent civil war broke out between the Citizen (Communist) Militia and the Restoration Army. The aim of the restauracionsitas was to overthrow territories that had continued under communist rule after the coup. This first phase lasted seven months, with intense urban combats, and after the victory of the restorationists, supported by XX ... (foreign countries), the communists started to use guerrilla tactics, and made bomb attacks occasionally.

The military junta headed by Aquino annulled the Popular Constitution and restored the 1910 constitution, calling for new elections, but with banned socialist parties. People linked to People's Vanguard had their political rights revoked. It is with Cabral that industrialization (initiated by the socialists) accelerated even more in capitalist molds, a pattern that would continue in the next governments

Cabral and Santos Government
The 1944 elections were won by Paulo Sérgio Cabral, from the Social Democratic Party. Cabral revoked a series of measures by the socialist government and initiated a deep opening of the economy, with the privatization of several companies, maintaining some of the basic industry. He started building roads, hydroelectric plants, bridges (at the cost of a huge increase in debt) and created policies to attract multinationals. Despite being the socialist-capitalist transition, the Cabral government maintained the large subsidies to the Maracatibean economy, characteristics of the previous period. Cabral was succeeded by, Gilberto Santos, from the same party. Gilberto Santos accelerated the reversal of socialist policies but maintained the large spending on subsidies and infrastructure (which even increased debt and inflation). Import tariffs were also reduced during this period.

Mendonça Government
PS Cabral's labor minister, Cláudio Mendonça, of the Labor Party, won the 1954 elections. Mendonça maintained Cabral's developmental policy, and in addition, raised the minimum wage, reintroduced anti-land concentration measures, created a series of  social policies and proposed a peace deal with the People's Vanguard terrorists. Contrary to the previous government, Mendonça reintroduced the state monopoly of underground exploration, nationalizing foreign companies.

Alignment with socialists has increased rumors that socialism could return. This sentiment was strengthened by the regularization of People's Vanguard's situation and amnesty to its members and former members, granted in January 1956.

Close parliamentarians warned Mendonça and directed him to distance himself from the socialists, but the response was a rally in São Pedro (outside the capital) on February 4, in which the president shouted anti-imperialist and anti-coup speeches to a crowd  of workers affiliated to unions. The episode resulted in a military coup before Mendonça returned to the capital. Parliamentary approval of the coup was sudden and inadequate, as the majority of pro-Mendonça deputies did not vote.

"Papai Cunha" dictatorship (1956-1973)
On the morning of February 5, Radio Rio Verde broadcast the words of General Raymundo Cunha: ''Respecting national wishes, through the recent parliamentary elections, which withdrew parliamentary support from President Mendonça;  identifying the real presence of the red threat, manifested by the words of hatred spoken by President Mendonça at a rally infested by supporters of People's Vanguard;  the Armed Forces, the Supreme Court, and Parliament, inform the Maracatibean people that President Cláudio Inácio Mendonça has been removed from his role, for the sake of the institutions of this young state. I, along with my advisers, will assume the role of head of government temporarily, until a consensus on security is reached due to communist threats.''

Despite the speech, Raymundo Cunha never made a democratic transition, having closed the parliament, postponing elections successively, removing provincial governors and instituting a censorship mechanism.

Civil War
With the beginning of the regime, People's Vanguard returned to illegality, under the name of People's Vanguard Army, and began to conduct new attacks, which resulted in the escalation of the armed conflict, with the return of new urban battles. Communists managed to control several cities, in addition to assaulting central government trains and attempting various attacks on members of the military leadership. The most intense fighting took place between April 1956 and January 1960. This stage of the civil war generated more than 218,500 deaths, including not only those killed in combat but also people executed by the dictatorship, which number 30,000, in addition to thousands of missing persons.

After this stage, another 4 thousand people will die or be injured by the actions of People's Vanguard, and another 1.5 thousand will be killed or disappeared thanks to the actions of the dictatorial government of Cunha

Geography
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Demography
Maracatibe has an estimated population of 77.3 million inhabitants, most of which are located in areas close to the coast or on the banks of rivers in the interior, due to its highly dense forests. 78% of maracatibens live in areas considered urban, a majority that was reached between the 60s and 70s, with the expansion of the industrial sector and mechanization of agriculture.

Ethnic composition
Maracatibe is a highly diverse country, due to the large number of cultures in its territory before the Jungastian colonization, the later arrival of Jungastians and the immigration of people from other parts of the world. The majority of the population is mixed, but considering only the largest descent, Maracatibe is composed of Guará-Kwabas (32.7%), Jungastians (27.3%), Banguizos (10.9%), Agranian (10.1%), Negrinos (8.5%), (2.0%), Vallisian (1.5%), Choson-gal (1.0%),  (1.0%),  (0.2%),  (0.1%), Others (4.5%)

Languages
is spoken by 95.6% of the population, followed by. Other relevant native languages ​​are Lakitpi and Oto-oto, spoken respectively by 2.5 and 0.1% of the population. 1.8% of the population speak Agranian, and 0.3% speak Vallisian.

Kwabanese is a language derived from the mixture of all the Guarás, Kwabas and Banguis dialects, together with the incorporation of Portuguese words. It is mandatory learning in schools.

Religion
96.6% of the population follows some religion. The is the largest in the country, having 43.5% of the population following. Christians from other denominations make up 19.5% of the population. 31.1% follow traditional Guará-Kwaba religions, grouped in the Iandetupã Cult. Other religions account for 2.5% of the population.

Iandetupan is a deity that gave rise to all the Guará-Kwaba peoples. With colonization, there was religious syncretism, with various aspects of being incorporated into the Iandetupan Cult. Even so, it cannot be considered a Christian denomination, as it worships secondary deities, while the Christ is only one of those deities. It has strong pantheistic and animistic marks. As the Iandetupan Cult is not unified, the level of "Christianization" varies from one school to another. ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀

Government and Politics
In Maracatibe, the fundamental law is the Constitution, dated 1982, all other laws must respect it. The constitution has undergone some revisions. The Constitution provides for referenda of popular consultation, the most recent examples of which were the Weapons Prohibition Law (2011 - not approved) and the Marijuana Legalization Law (2019 - approved but not yet implemented).

Maracatibe adopts the, and is a , with the head of state and government being called president. The national legislature is called the National Congress, and it is bicameral, with the General Assembly, with 501 deputies (lower house) and the Federal Senate, with 51 senators (upper house) representing the population (by proportional representation) and the provinces, respectively. (each province has 3 senators). The vice president of Maracatibe is appointed by the president from among the 51 elected senators, needs Senate approval and accumulates the function of president of the Federal Senate.

Federal government


The President of the Republic is elected by for a term of 4 years, with the right to one re-election. To apply for this position, the canditate must be a born citizen and be over 35 years old. Senators are elected for an 8-year term, and have the same requirements as president, but entitled to any number of reelections. The deputies are chosen for 4 years, by the proportional vote of open list, and they only need to be over 21 years old and have citizenship. There is a strong movement in favor of or.

The president is responsible for the supreme command of the armed forces, formal representation of the Maracatibean State abroad and in international relations, to appoint and dismiss ministers and make decrees. He can be dismissed through the process, which requires 2/3 approval from both chambers. However, for a process to be opened, the president of the Senate and the president of the Assembly must agree, which is highly criticized, since the president of the Senate is appointed by the President of the Republic, making it difficult to open the process. Congress must oversee the president and his ministers, draft, discuss and vote laws, vote and discuss the budget sent by the government and revoke presidential decrees (including appointment of ministers and presidents of state-owned companies).

Judiciary
Courts administer justice on behalf of the people, defending citizens' rights and interests, preventing the violation of democratic legality and mediating conflicts of interest that occur between different entities. The Supreme Court is the highest court in Maracatibe, and judges issues related to the constitution. The last instance of common justice is the Superior Court of Justice. In addition to these, there are the Regional Courts (second instance), Common Courts (first instance) and the Court of Auditors. The Supreme Court is made up of 9 ministers appointed by the president and approved by the congress.

Political Parties
In Maracatibe, membership is necessary to run for election at any level (municipal, provincial or federal). There are __ registered political parties, but of these, only 11 have representation in parliament, and these are listed below.


 * (AN) = National Assembly
 * (SF) = Federal Senate

Subdivisions
Maracatibe is a federal state divided into 22 federal units, being 21 Provinces and 1 Federal District. The provinces are governed by provincial presidents, and have their own legislative bodies, called Provincial Assemblies. The Provincial Assemblies have a number of deputies ranging from 21 (Serra Verde) to 71 (Abatuba), according to the population. The same goes for the number of deputies elected by each federative unit. Provincial presidents and deputies are elected in the General Elections, which take place every 4 years, the last being in 2018. Each province and federal district also elects 3 senators.

Municipalities
The provinces are divided into municipalities, which are governed by mayors and also have a legislative body, the Municipal Councils. The Federal District, however, does not have this division, being divided into Administrative Regions, which do not have autonomy.

Regions
For statistical purposes, Maracatibe is divided into 5 regions: Southeast (Itauá, Diamamtina, Paraté, Bangui, and Serra Verde), Northeast (Abatuba, Pioca, São Pedro, Santa Helena and Distrito Federal), South interior (Morucá, Maracaí, Ibirapiranga and North Maracaí), Southwest (Ibiraúna, Montité and Pombal) and Northwest (Catão, Batista, Trindade, São Francisco and Santerre). Provinces can also have similar divisions.

Special Border Zone
The Special Border Zone (in Portuguese: Zonas Especiais de Fronteira / in Kwabanese: Yandexá Yba Fronteira) consists of the grouping of all municipalities located 125 km from the border. It was established in 1982 with the objective of receiving strategic policies aimed at the security of the national territory and the development of the region.

Economy


The country has a mixed capitalist economy with vast natural resources. Its GDP (PPP) per capita in 2020 was over 20 thousand dollars. It is considered an upper-middle income country, with an emerging economy. Active in sectors such as mining, manufacturing, agriculture and services, Maracatibe has a workforce of more than 42 million people. It is a country of late industrialization, but it has a large and diverse industrial park. In addition, Maracatibe is also a major exporter of commodities, mainly of tropical fruits, coffee, cotton, sugar cane, rice, iron ore, oil, gold, beef, diamond and emerald. The service sector, with emphasis on tourism, is also very dynamic.

Agribusiness


Agribusiness represents 20% of the gross domestic product and employs 10% of the economically active population, standing out for its high mechanization and productivity, although family farming is also strong, mainly targeting the domestic market. It is a major exporter of beef, being one of the few countries in the world with more cattle than people. Commercial agriculture is represented by the planting of sugar cane (which also feeds the production of ethanol), coffee (mainly in the Southeast), rice (mainly in the Northwest and Southwest), cotton, spices and fruits, such as black pepper, jute, passion fruit, açaí, guarana, nuts, tropical oils, peanuts, cinnamon and coconut, watermelon, pineapple, orange and banana (scattered in all regions of the country). Maracatibe is also a major exporter of flowers. The province with the largest agricultural production is São Pedro, which has highly mechanized and productive agriculture. It is important to highlight that, despite agriculture being modernized, the agricultural sector causes environmental impacts, especially the deforestation caused by the expansion of grain planting and to serve as pasture.

Industry
The idustrial sector of automobiles, steel, petrochemicals, fabrics, appliances, electronics, ships and other durable consumer goods represents 26.2% of maracatibean gross domestic product. Industrial activities are concentrated in large metropolitan regions and large inland cities, such as São Pedro, Serra da Esmeralda, Barra Vermelha, Indaiataba, Itaguaçu, Urutiba, São José, Kurou, Paramirm, Pirabiraba and Papagaiópolis.

The largest of the industries is the automobile industry, accounting for a quarter of all industrial Maracatibean GDP. The provinces of São Pedro and Santa Helena concentrate 65% of all production in the automobile sector, with 60% of all this value corresponding to the metropolitan regions of their largest cities. This sector contributed greatly to the growth and population density of cities in the regions called Wheel Belts. However, the participation of these places in the production of vehicles has been falling due to the process of internalization of industries, driven by factors such as unions, which have excessively burdened the payroll and labor charges, discouraged investments and favored the search for new cities. The main national automakers of Maracatibe are Marins, IMV, AgroVel, Uama, and Kajuru. In addition to these, there is a strong presence of multinational companies in the sector.

Another important sector is the steel industry, whose production in 2020 was 36.6 million tons of steel. This industry is concentrated in the provinces of Bangui, Itauá and Abatuba, with emphasis on the cities of the Iron Triangle region. This region accounts for more than 2 thirds of Maracatibean steel production. Another important producing region is São José, which receives iron extracted from the Rio dos Morcegos region. National production of rolled products was 27.2 million tons, and that of semi-finished products for sales totaled 11.8 million tons. The main steel companies are Aço Real, Tapajós, CNA, and Tavares.

Tourism
Attracted by its paradisiacal tropical islands, its exuberant beaches and dense tropical forests, millions of tourists go to Maracatibe annually, which contributes to almost 4.5% of the Gross Domestic Product. According to the Ministry of Tourism, 41.3 million tourists visited Maracatibe in 2020.

Mining and Oil
Among the mineral resources and precious stones found in Maracatibe are iron, gold, copper, emeralds, bauxite, manganese, diamonds, nickel and lithium. Iron is found in large quantities in the Iron Triangle region, between the provinces of Bangui, Itauá, and Abatuba, from where more than half of the iron ore produced in the country comes from. There are also considerable deposits in the provinces of Montité and Morucá, especially in the Rio dos Morcegos region (border between the two countries). In this region is the Caté Mine, the largest maracatibe iron mine. Other modest reserves are in Santa Helena and São Pedro. The iron mining sector extracted more than 370,000 tonnes of ore in 2020, and production is expected to increase further with the expansion of mines in the southwest. The reserves of manganese and bauxite are close to the iron deposits, and are also of paramount importance. Copper, on the other hand, exists in significant quantities in the south of Montité and on the north coast of the country, with 500 thousand tons being extracted annually. The mining of precious stones and gold occurs mostly in the region of Bangui, Abatuba, Itauá and São Pedro, with Itauá being the largest national producer of these three resources. Maracatibe is the main supplier of emeralds. There are also modest coal reserves in the West (mainly in the Southwest), but in addition to the low supply, coal is of low quality, with low caloric power and a high amount of ash. is practically non-existent in the country. Therefore, its application is restricted to thermal power plants and the cement industry. Mining directly and indirectly employs more than 700,000 Maracatibeans.

Petroleum exploration is Petromar's monopoly, which also has the exclusive right to refine and distribute derivatives. There are two major production areas, the Paraté-Bangui Oil Field, and the Great North Oil Field. 90% of the production is offshore, and Maracatibe lacks enough refineries to refine all the oil produced, so about 40% of the crude oil is exported and purchased in the form of derivatives. Maracatibean oil production guarantees self-sufficiency in the resource and also the export of medium quantities.

Transportation
Maracatibe has 622 thousand kilometers of road network, the highways being divided into National Highways and Provincial Highways, administered respectively by the Ministry of Transport and the Provincial Departments of Transport. Some are granted to the private sector. Although the most densely populated regions with high industrial activity are served by paved roads of good quality, there are several kilometers of unpaved and poorly maintained roads, which makes interior roads very precarious and even dangerous.

Rail transport had its boom in the early twentieth century, with the socialist government, and the network was expanded by later governments and by private initiative. There are 23,123 kilometers of railways, 4,000 of which are electrified. Railways are very important in the transportation of cargo, mainly raw materials, and also for the transportation of passengers. Although the rail network meets the needs of Maracatibe relatively well, the sector has seen stagnation in recent decades, and more recently the retraction, since Maracatibe has already reached 25 thousand kilometers of railways. It is important to note that part of the railways are inoperative due to age and lack of proper maintenance.

Maracatibe has just over 1,000 airports, the busiest being the Presidente Paulo Sérgio Cabral International Airport, in São Pedro, with almost 40 million total passengers in the year 2020. The main port in the country is the Port of Barra Vermelha, whose number  total containers transported in 2020 was 4,931. Waterway transport is also very common in the country, due to the high number of rivers. However, it is relatively limited because not all rivers support this mode of transport.

Healthcare
in Maracatibe is 77.1 years, but with some variation between the federal units. The health care system is free and universal, called the National Health Network (Rede Nacional de Saúde - RNS), and was idealized in 1983, but fully introduced in 1986. Previously, health services were partially financed by the State, for low-income people, employed, and temporarily for the unemployed. Despite having a significant impact on the improvement of living conditions, the RNS is precarious in several places, with frequent lack of beds, equipment, medicines and workers, even in large cities, and the upper-middle class prefers to have private health plans. Added to this precariousness is the fact that some cities are far from complete hospitals, which results in long trips for performing complex treatments, for example. In some regions, such as Paraté, Pioca and Salgado, RNS received complementary investments from local governments and became a major reference, with public hospitals in Pioca being considered one of the best in the world. The government has made efforts to improve the access and quality of the RNS, although critics say that many investments are still lacking.

Education
Maracatibe has a Ministry of Education, which controls basic, secondary and higher education. Basic education is divided into Pre-school (two years long), School A (divided into A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5), School B (divided into B1, B2, B3, B4) and School C (divided into  C1, C3 and C4). Vocational education, or School D, is divided into two years and seeks to qualify workers for jobs that do not require a diploma. Pre-school and D-school are optional, but everything else is mandatory, with parents who do not take their children to schools and may be imprisoned for negligence.

is not permitted in the country, although similar education may be provided for children with special needs. Teaching can be provided by public schools (administered by municipalities) or private schools. There is also a system of military colleges, 14 of which are nationwide, administered by the Navy and the Army.

Maracatibean universities are free for all students from low-income families. People with higher financial capacity will have their university education only partially covered by the State. 33% of the population of Maracatibe has higher education. Admission to universities can be done through the National Examination for Admission to University, which applies to all public universities in the country and to some abroad.

in Maracatibe reaches 99.4% in the youngest, 96.8% in adults and 89.7% in the elderly. As the country is bilingual, teaching is also, with Portuguese and Kwabanese being mandatory languages, taught since pre-school. The tests taken by the students are alternated, sometimes written in Portuguese, sometimes in Kwabanese. This is part of an effort to revitalize the language, which lost importance during the apartheid prevailing in the colonial system and in the beginning of the republic.

The National Education Skills Verification Instrument (IVCEN) is a test made at the end of the year that seeks to measure the quality of teaching in each school, with the aim of helping to admire the teaching. The grades of the last available exam (2020), were on average (including all years of basic education): 66.5 in Mathematics, 60.6 in writing, 63.5 in Natural Sciences, 79.2 in Geography, 70.20 in National Languages, 87.6  in Foreign Languages, 70.6 in History, 65.7 in Literature.