Prabhat

Prabhat (Prabhati: प्रभात, Prabhāt), formally known as the Kingdom of Prabhat (Prabhati: प्रभात राज्य, Prabhāta Rājya) is a federal constitutional monarchy located southeast of the continent of Kesh. The Kingdom of Prabhat has a territorial area of 480,000 square kilometers that covers tropical and alpine areas and a population that reaches 47 million inhabitants made up of a mixture of native and migrant ethnic groups united in the majority language which is Prabhati, derived from Sanskrit. Prabhat has coasts to the Tethys Ocean to the east and south of the country. The city of Bhāgya serves as the capital of the country, which has a federal division system.

Prabhat adopts the federal constitutional monarchy as a form of government. The King of Prabhat is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government, while the legislative power is divided between an upper house called the Prabhat Royal Council and a lower house called the Prabhat National Assembly. The federal system of division is based on the existence of 20 regions with a certain level of autonomy, which includes a government, its own unicameral assembly and its own constitution under the Prabhat Constitution. The 20 regions that make up Prabhat are as follows, in alphabetical order: Anāratta, Bhitora, Bolukkia, Godavari, Kōlagāvara, Lātūrayānnī, Madjā, Maharunā, Maliba, Malimāra, Nandūrashi, Nāngara, Rendozeshah, Szattara, Tangli, Tughluka, Tylakolia, Vidarala and Yavin. The Autonomous City of Bhāgya has a special political system as it's the capital of the nation, having much more autonomy and being governed directly by the King of Prabhat.

The peoples of Prabhat have been part of the South Kesh coastal cultural region since the beginning, the first people to set foot on the territory were Northern nomads who settled in the fertile areas. From the beginning, two cultural cores can be distinguished: the area of Tughluka and Vidarala, where city-states were founded on the coast of the Tethys Ocean, and the area of Nāngara and Bhitora, where city-states were established on Lake Devana. In these two cores, kingdoms and federations were gradually formed that expanded throughout the rest of the Prabhat territories and shared the same culture and language: Sanskrit. This cultural and linguistic union caused different ethnic groups to come together forming diverse empires of long duration, to finally form the Kingdom of Prabhat, which adopted Prabhati, a language derived from Sanskrit, as its official language.

Prabhat's economy is highly diversified, having a powerful primary sector based on the plantation of tropical crops in the north and center of the country, and extensive agriculture in the flatter and temperate areas of the south, in addition to significant mining in the Western mountain ranges. At the same time, it has a strong industry which exports manufactured products to other nations, and a growing service sector, especially in the area of tourism due to the great attraction of Prabhat's natural and cultural wealth.

Etymology
Linguists have come to the conclusion that the word "Prabhat" comes from Sanskrit (the language from which Prabathi comes and was commonly spoken in ancient times) and that it means "dawn" or "sunrise". Because of this, the concept of dawn has historically taken hold, symbolizing Prabhat as a dawn for those who migrate there and also as a state in constant dawn for their prosperity. This concept is included in the national flag, which has a flower and a sun symbolizing the dawn of the nation.

First Civilizations (3000 BCE - 1200 BCE)
Evidence of the presence of homo sapiens has been on Prabhat for 70,000 years, originating from migrants from the north who left traces in Anāratta, where the oldest petroglyphs and cave paintings of Prabhat are located. Before that, the territory was populated by hominids such as homo erectus for approximately 500,000 years. The first Neolithic civilization is the Devana Civilization, which was established in 3000 BCE on the Devana River and Devana Lake, which give this civilization its name. This civilization was based on fishing and rice-producing villages, which spoke Proto-Sanskrit. Around 2900 BCE, another group of nomads from the north related to the former traveled further south along the coast and reached present-day Vidarala, settling on the Vidara River. This gave rise to another of the first two civilizations of Prabhat, the Vidara Civilization, which like its relative carried out agricultural activities to subsist. The peoples of these two cultures were ethnically differentiated over time to give rise to two different ethnic groups but from the same family: the Devanasūna (“from Devana”) to the north and the Bhāgyavāna (“fortunate”) to the south. This ethnic divide occurred in approximately 2100 BCE.

These two cultures were developing during the Bronze Age and expanding over nearby territories. The Devanasūna encompassed the present-day Nāngara, Bhitora, and Anāratta regions, while the Bhāgyavāna encompassed Vidarala, Tughluka, and Bhāgya. While the Devanasūna perfected rice cultivation on the Devanaga River, the Bhāgyavāna settled on the shores of the sea and began to make canoes for fishing. The slight commercial and cultural interaction between these two cultures was the antecedent of a future route that would be key to the development of the later kingdoms that emerged from these two cultures.

Five Kingdoms Period (1200 BCE - 711 BCE)
The prosperity of the cities of the Vidara and Devaga Civilizations prompted the creation of organized states. At the end of the Bronze Age, the city-states of each region formed cultural and commercial ties between them, and led to the creation of federations and confederations. As early as 1200 BCE, when the Iron Age began in Prabhat, what were once numerous city-states concentrated in two civilizations formed the Five Kingdoms of Prabhat, the earliest existing states in Prabhat's territory. These five kingdoms were: Pascātya, Nānga and Anārah in the territory of the Devana Civilization, and Tughluka and Vidarala (the same names as the current regions) in the territory of the Vidara Civilization. It was during the early years of the Five Kingdoms of Prabhat that strong commercial and cultural ties were forged between the two regions. The language that the two civilizations shared, proto-Sanskrit, evolved into Sanskrit thanks to the appearance of the Devanagari script in Pascātya, which spread to the rest of the kingdoms establishing the linguistic union of all of them, although having north and south its own dialect. The relationship between the kingdoms was strengthened thanks to the Malimāra Route, a trade route that crossed the territory between the Devana and Virala regions, which favored the economic development of the kingdoms and facilitated cultural, scientific and technological exchange. The Five Kingdoms of Prabhat were despotic states, led by kings who held all power in their hands and inherited it from their ancestors, thus creating the first dynasties. The existence of these kingdoms, despite the bonds forged, was not entirely peaceful. In fact, researchers have managed to document a war between Nānga and Anārah around 900 BCE to control the fertile lands of the Devana River, which ended up as a victory for Nānga after 1 to 3 years of warfare. In the Period of the Five Kingdoms the first religions were also formed, which were shamanic and animistic beliefs typical of each kingdom. In an ancient Sanskrit text called Sanskāra Sūcanā, written around 850 BCE, the religious rites of a town in Tughluka are detailed, including prayers to spirits of people and animals and praises to the forces of nature.

The economic activities of these kingdoms went beyond agriculture and fishing originated in the first two civilizations. Several evidences have been found that indicate a great mining activity that includes the extraction of gems to be turned into jewels, in addition to the extraction and casting of iron for tools, weapons and armor. In Vidarala the creation of jade jewelery and sculptures was common, while in Nānga the sapphire was considered of high value and widely used in jewelry. This mining demand led groups of people to disengage from the kingdoms and form their own villages in the interior of Prabhat, where there were more mineral deposits due to the existence of mountain ranges. These independent communities traded minerals with the kingdoms and at the same time brought about the arrival of civilization in lands further from the coast. While this was happening, the coastal kingdoms developed the first sailboats to expand fishing operations and collect shells and sea pearls, which served as replacements when there was a shortage of gems.

In 800 BCE, something important happens that would seal Prabhat's fate. In a city east of Anārah called Abhayā a religious doctrine called Viśvāsa appears, embodied in a group of texts in Sanskrit that defines certain religious dogmas such as "karma", the "reincarnation cycle" and "enlightenment", in addition to be the first polytheistic religion of Prabhat since it establishes a trinity of gods to worship: Jnānī, Kharē and Majabūta. The Viśvāsa religious texts spread throughout Anārah and then throughout the rest of the Five Kingdoms, their dogmas being adopted by a large part of the population, although clashing with the animistic traditions of each kingdom. The main source of expansion of this doctrine is the oral route, orally transmitting the teachings of the Viśvāsa. By 710 BCE the first complex rituals and shrines appear, and the city of Abhayā becomes an important religious center.

The cultural, linguistic, economic and more recently religious union of the Five Kingdoms of Prabhat sparked the desire for unification. In 715 BCE, Tughluka and Vidarala were unified thanks to a dynastic union, so the Bhāgyavāna people united under the authority of King Ēkasandha, who began a military campaign to unify all the kingdoms into one empire. In 714 BCE, a great Bhāgyavāna army with weapons and iron armor marched to Nānga, besieging its capital, the majestic city of Tāndūlara, and taking it after a few weeks. In 713 BCE a noble coup sponsored by King Ēkasandha is perpetrated against the King of Pascātya, and this nation is integrated into the dominions of Ēkasandha. Finally in 711 BCE, Anārah is completely taken after 3 decisive field battles. This year is when King Ēkasandha would found the Vidarale Empire, ruled by the Ēkasa Dynasty, and end Five Kingdoms Period.

Vidarale Empire (711 BCE - 537 BCE)
The Vidarale Empire was established as an absolute monarchy, constituted by a caste system that can be said to be Prabhat's first caste system. The initial territory of this empire ranged from present Anāratta to present Bhāgya. The imperial capital was located in the city of Impīryia, a city on the banks of the Vidara River in present-day Vidarala, with imposing walls for its time. The location of the imperial capital and the composition of the noble class favored the Bhāgyavāna ethnic group and the southern region of the country, causing airs of rebellion in the northern regions. To prevent the outbreak of insurrections and promote national unity, King Ēkasandha carried out several reforms, including the establishment of a Devanasūna nobility in the north, the creation of roads to connect the cities of the south and the north and the creation of the School of Āciriya, a movement of teachers and writers that was responsible for the spread of the Sanskrit language throughout the empire and the gestation of Sanskrit literature. The years of life of the Āciriya School, which operated from 708 BCE to 685 BCE, managed to promote the use of Sanskrit as never before, improved its grammar and literature proliferated, creating literary works such as poetry, short stories, legends, epics, chronicles and biographies. One of the most widespread literary works of that time is the Epic of Rakṣaṇaka, an extensive epic and mythological text including stories of war and adventure involving the gods of the Viśvāsa texts, which has become in an important religious text and one of the most famous symbols of the Vidarale Empire's historical period. Thanks to the educational activities of these teachers, the noble class was able to access education and learn to read and write, which would lead to the formation of future schools of thought.

Arrival of the Tylakians and Rendoshians
In 689, the initial peace of the Vidarale Empire was shattered by the arrival of a group of barbarians known as Rendoshians, who hailed from the hot, desert steppes of the west and settled in the present-day Rendozeshah region. The Rendoshians were very different from the peoples of the Vidarale Empire: they had their own language (the Rendoshian), their own ethnic origin, and a warrior culture that was not compatible with the rational and peaceful culture of the Vidarale Empire. Due to these large differences, the first encounters were hostile and soon the Rendoshians began looting the border villages of Bhitora. The Vidarale Empire had a difficult situation in the early years due to the Rendoshian warriors having something they did not have: horses. Thanks to the horses, the Rendoshians made quick raids to the villages of the Vidarale Empire, avoiding head-on battles with the Vidarale army (which had superior numbers) and wasting their economy and defenses. The situation changed in 687 BCE with the arrival of another group of barbarians: the Tylakians. The Tylakians came from the northwest and had a warrior culture and weaponry similar to the Rendoshians, however, they agreed to collaborate with the Vidarale Empire marveling at their organization and began to attack the Rendoshian camps. The allied forces defeated the Rendoshians at the Battle of Sarapa in 685 BCE, and finally defeated them at the Battle of Tanētis in 683 BCE. The Rendoshians agreed to make peace and took refuge in the western parts of Rendozeshah, while the Tylakians migrated south on a long journey to present-day Tylakolia, where they founded the Kingdom of Tylakolia, a federation of clans led by a king in 678 BCE. Relations between the Vidarale Empire and the Kingdom of Tylakolia were quite friendly: they established commercial and cultural ties. The Tylakolians, who spoke a great variety of barbarian languages, adopted Sanskrit and elements of the empire's culture which was spreading rapidly thanks to trade with the empire. To strengthen interactions with the south and gain new hinterlands, the Vidarale Empire colonized the present-day Szattara and Nandūrashi regions, while Tylakolia expanded into Tangli. Peace and economic collaboration between Tylakolia and the Vidarale Empire led to a long decade of economic bonanza, population growth and cultural flourishing in the following decades.

End of the Vidarale Empire
In 545 BCE, a large unknown epidemic (experts estimate it was probably tuberculosis) struck the Vidarale Empire and to a lesser extent the Kingdom of Tylakolia and the Rendoshian tribes. This epidemic killed 21% of the imperial population, which despite being a not so high number, had fatal consequences on the economy and society of a nation that had not had experiences of previous epidemics. The trade routes that connected the imperial cities were emptied by fear of the disease, the army had to be demobilized to prevent it from spreading, the king and his court isolated themselves in the palace, ordering that no one enter what isolated the government of communication with their territories, and the famine quickly spread through areas without food self-sufficiency. This scenario was exploited by various pretenders to the throne and separatist movements, which exploded in 541 BCE once the worst of the epidemic was over. These insurrections were: the throne pretender Uttara from Tughluka, the throne pretender Maēnli from Szattara, and a separatist movement from Nāngara made up of ethnic Devanasūna people who sought ethnic primacy. The civil war was bravely faced by the imperial government which mobilized its men to crush the rebellions. However, the army had been plagued by famine and disease, and their numbers were drastically reduced. Uttara and his troops defeated Maēnli at the Battle of Shazar in 540 BCE and again at the Battle of Traviniya in 539, in which Maēnli was killed by Uttara himself. Imperial troops defeated Uttara at the Battle of Tabhesit in 539, however the war was promptly stopped by a resurgence of the epidemic. The civil war was resumed in 537 when Uttara launched a fleeting campaign in which he crushed the separatists of Nāngara and besieged the imperial capital of Impīryia until it fell, at which point Uttara triumphantly entered and assassinated the last Vdarale emperor, to found the Uttarine Empire honoring his name.

Reign of Uttara
Uttara discarded all the previous political organization, since instead of declaring himself as the founder of a new dynasty of the Vidarale Empire, he founded a new empire on the foundations of the previous one, which was called the Uttarine Empire. He renamed himself Sāmarthyavāna Uttara ("Uttara the Mighty"), and claimed to be a divine manifestation to justify his right to rule. He established the capital of the new empire in the city of Kanēksana in present-day Malimarā, as a way to unite the northern and southern regions. He created a complex administration in which he appointed a consul as his right hand and a royal council made up of nobles, priests, and officials. He established a first-level division made up of prefectures, governed by prefects appointed by the king, and a second-level division made up of provinces, represented by councils of local nobles and a governor appointed by such councils. He abolished barter and other payment methods with the introduction of the first metallic currency, the "Muliya", made of an alloy of gold and silver. He ordered the creation of an imperial guard for the defense of the emperor, his family, and high-level officials, and established a complex military hierarchy in the army. These reforms during the first years of his mandate meant the stabilization of the empire after the epidemic and the civil war, a more efficient administration, a more developed economy and greater security for the dynasty, which saved the empire from possible rebellions.

Around 530 BCE, a curious episode happened in which Sāmarthyavāna Uttara visited a rural village of the empire, and in it he saw how the locals tamed and trained elephants. This gave him the idea of using them in the army, so he ordered to recruit elephant trainers to train them and be part of the army. Battalions of war elephants were formed, which had mounts on which archers and javeliners were placed. These elephants caused fear of the enemy on the battlefield, and they were a brute force with which enemy ranks could be broken with their thrusts and tusks. From taming wild elephants to elephant rearing, the Uttarine Empire grew to a staggering 3,000 war elephants. Elephants were also used as a means of transportation, both by the army and by civilians who could afford to acquire one of these beasts.

Between 525 BCE and 500 BCE, various texts of a religious nature known as Bhavisyas were written and published, which were a continuation of the spiritual doctrine of the texts called Viśvāsa. The publication of these texts led the prophets and priests who preached the Viśvāsa to meet in the city of Abhayā (from which the Viśvāsa texts originated) at the request of the emperor Sāmarthyavāna Uttara, which was called the First Council of Abhayā. At this council the priests decided to make modifications to the doctrine of Viśvāsa by means of the new dogmas preached by the Bhavisyas. This gave rise to the first Prabhat religion, Devanagism. The contribution of the Bhavisyas to the previous doctrine was the formation of the concept "dharma", the devanagist cosmology, the avatars (different manifestations of the triad of primordial gods: Jnānī, Kharē and Majabūta) and the religious hierarchy of this new religion. Thanks to the positive results of this council, Emperor Sāmarthyavāna Uttara adopted Devanagism as the official religion of the Uttarine Empire and commissioned the construction of a great temple in the city of Abhayā, which would be considered the holy place of Devanagism. The construction of the great temple was commissioned to the architect Khandum, who did not come from the Uttarine Empire, but from the Kingdom of Tylakolia. It was planned as a brick structure with a 60 m high central tower and 4 smaller towers. The construction of this temple required the hiring of many workers, so Sāmarthyavāna Uttara preferred to buy slaves from Rendoshian slavers to lower costs. The temple, named as Utpatti Temple, was completed in 493 BCE (although it would receive modifications in the following centuries). Emperor Sāmarthyavāna Uttara died 2 months before the completion of the temple construction due to cancer, so he could not see his long-awaited work completed. Uttara's reign lasted 44 years and was one of the most prosperous of the ancient Prabhat empires.

Reign of Jaidev
Uttara's son and successor, Jaidev, entered the throne with ideals of territorial and religious expansion. His first decree was to compel all the ruling nobles of the prefectures and provinces of the Uttarine Empire to convert to Devanagism, to ensure their devotion and the conversion of the provinces to this religion. Most of the nobles accepted, however, a group of nobles rooted in shamanic beliefs from their local regions were reluctant to convert and interpreted the decree as an offense from the new king, thus forming a military coalition to overthrow him. These nobles ruled over territories in Szattara, Nandūrashi, and Vidarala, so the insurrection focused on the southern part of the empire. At that time most of the imperial troops were stationed in the north since the southern garrisons had joined the rebellion, so Emperor Jaidev had to ask for help from the Kingdom of Tylakolia, closer to the center of the insurrection, to stop the rebellion from the beginning and thus not generate major problems. The king of Tylakolia agreed and sent the fierce Tylakian troops to confront the rebellious nobles. The sagacious soldiers of Tylakolia were able to fight the smaller rebellions, but in Vidarala the nobles recruited civilians and captured military bases with which they armed themselves to the teeth. Finally, a large army commanded by the same Emperor Jaidev arrived in the conflict zone with large numbers of war elephants, which appeared for the first time on the battlefront giving very positive results, since they charged and destroyed the enemy ranks with ease. Thanks to this the elephants would become a fundamental part of the armies of the historical empires of Prabhat.

In 490 BCE the last rebel stronghold surrendered, and Devaganism was able to be established as the dominant religion in the Uttarine Empire. To repay them for their aid in the war, the Kingdom of Tylakolia asked the Emperor Jaidev to pay a sum of coins, but he was reluctant to pay due to the expenses incurred in the war together with the excessive personal expenses of the emperor. The King of Tylakolia would request the payment of this sum several times more, receiving a no for an answer, which generated a cooling of diplomatic relations. In 488 BCE, Tylakolia sent an ambassador to Kanēksana to again request payment of this sum, this time aggressively. Emperor Jaidev saw such audacity as a great offense and slaughtered the Tylakolian ambassador, displaying his head in the central square of Kanēksana. This was reason enough for both nations to declare war on each other, starting a great campaign between the two main Prabhat nations. Despite the advanced numerical and technological position of the Uttarine Empire, it was having financial problems due to the rebellion of the nobles and the unnecessary expenses of the Emperor Jaidev, in addition to that the war was publicly frowned upon, so only a few regiments could be mobilized at the beginning of the war. For their part, the Tylakians were skilled horsemen and knew perfectly their flat subtropical terrain, in which they knew how to ambush and fast raids with their horses. In addition, they had managed to dominate the seas in recent decades thanks to the construction of light and fast sailing ships, with which they reached Anvēṣaka Island, which was colonized and became a key point for Tylakian maritime supremacy. The first maneuver in the war was the Naval Battle of Bhāgyan Bay, in which the imperial fleet was defeated and partially destroyed thanks to a rapid action by the Tylakians destined to render the naval forces of the Uttarine Empire inoperative, an objective that was successfully achieved. Furious at this initial defeat, Emperor Jaidev took command of his troops and marched towards the city of Jiṅgalsa north of present-day Tangli, to besiege it and thus destroy the border defenses of the Kingdom of Tylakolia. Although the city eventually fell after a long siege, Uttarine troops suffered setbacks, including the elephants' weakness to the sounds the Tylakians made to scare them away, causing the elephants to retreat in terror and many times they will crush the troops of their own armies. Uttarine armies were also frequently ambushed by horse troops on the flat lands of Tylakolia, making the Imperial advance difficult.

After the fall of Jiṅgalsa in early 487 BCE, the Tylakolian high command adopted a new strategy in the war, which was to avoid head-on battles, wear down the Imperial army, and cut its supply lines through coastal assaults with its powerful fleet. The coastal assaults succeeded in staggering imperial supplies, forcing Emperor Jaidev to demand food from the peasants of Jiṅgalsa. They not only refused, they also formed an armed resistance thanks to weapons infiltrated by Tylakian spies. Imperial troops had to delay their advances to crush these rebellions and take supplies by force. This time was taken advantage of by Tylakolia to recruit more soldiers and carry out more coastal assaults on Vidarala and Nandūrashi, which caused trade in the southern part of the Empire to collapse. Emperor Jaidev decided to divide his army to garrison the coasts, and sent emissaries to the center of the Empire to convince the rest of the nobles who had not mobilized to join the war. Once the imperial army was reinforced with these new troops, the emperor continued his march towards the city of Drāphṭavuḍa, an important city of Tylakolia due to the large number of ships being built there. Drāphṭavuḍa fell in 486 BCE after a lengthy siege, dealing a blow to the Tylakolian naval force as ship production declined. The situation forced the Tylakians to plan a massive assault to take back this city, organizing an army mostly made up of mounted troops and chariots. This decision however proved fatal as it led to the Battle of Vanaspa in 485 BCE, a pitched battle in which Imperial troops defeated the Tylakians thanks to their powerful ground force. After this traumatizing experience, the small army of Tylakolia set out for guerrilla warfare with many more coastal attacks and rapid assaults on supply lines and Imperial troops separated from the main contingent. This strategy caused significant casualties on the imperial side but only delayed the inevitable for a few years, since in 481 BCE the imperial troops commanded by the Emperor Jaidev himself put the great city of Tylajunā, capital of the Kingdom of Tylakolia, under siege. This attack was a real surprise as the Tylakians were not expected to attack the capital directly, since there were still several cities resisting in the front line. Emperor Jaidev decided to surround these cities and directly attack the capital to end the costly war at once, a tactic that turned out to be very successful. Due to the fierce resistance of the Tylakian troops who were assaulting the Imperial siege forces using rapid raids, the siege lasted until 480 BCE when the walls fell and the imposing Imperial troops entered the city where a bloody battle was fought, where many civilians they died due to the destruction caused by the elephants. The king of Tylakolia stayed to resist in the palace which was attacked by the imperial troops, who assassinated the king after a combat carried out by him and his royal guard.

The war officially ended in 478 BCE with around 230,000 killed in combat, and was delayed as Emperor Jaidev had to wage costly campaigns to destroy the Tylakian garrisons located in the cities that had remained standing, but nevertheless the crown prince of Tylakolia along with a large contingent of troops and civilians was able to escape to Anvēṣaka Island thanks to the fleet, which was still intact. It was on Anvēṣaka Island that the Tylakolian resistance was organized, ordering the new king to establish the necessary infrastructure to build a powerful fleet and thus dominate the seas. While this was happening, the pacification of the conquered lands became a complicated task for the Emperor Jaidev due to the hostility of the Tylakian inhabitants who did not accept the invading government. In addition, war spending forced serious budget cuts, including a reduction in army numbers. The situation was able to stabilize in 475 BCE, but a new problem emerged for the Uttarine Empire. Forces in exile from Tylakolia located on Anvēṣaka Island began raiding the trading ships of the Uttarine Empire, forcing the emperor to ban maritime trading activities, causing a collapse of trade. The emperor confronted this by financing the construction of causeways to improve land connections, with money made from the wood trade with the Rendoshians, who were short of wood. The hostility of the Tylakian inhabitants began to cease when Imperial missionaries began to spread Devanagism in their lands, which brought the Tylakians culturally closer to the empire. The remainder of Jaidev's reign was characterized by palace intrigues, surviving several assassination attempts. Jaidev finally passed away of natural causes in 465 BCE, his reign having lasted 28 years. Some remember him as a bad ruler, others see him as a great conqueror. The next emperors of the Uttarine Empire would have to take charge of converting the inhabitants of Tylakolia and dealing with the Tylakian naval threat.

Māsṭaralism Foundation
In the year 312 BCE, the religious leaders of Devaganism met again at the Second Council of Abhayā, due to a theological dispute in which some gurus interpreted that they should be seen as avatars because they had reached spiritual perfection and were the unique link between people and gods. Most of the priests completely rejected this idea and made it known at that council, in which they forbade the gurus to be treated as avatars. Some gurus refused to follow the dictates of the council and formed a new religious current called Māsṭaralism, in which they declared that the Devanagist gurus should be treated as avatars of the gods Jnānī, Kharē and Majabūta. The priests who had participated in the council saw this as an attack on the true religion and asked the emperor to persecute the followers of Māsṭaralism, which the emperor accepted. Many followers of Māsṭaralism were killed, while others managed to escape by moving away from urban centers. To survive in hiding, they began to develop an architecture based on the creation of artificial caves. These man-made caves display a high level of technical competence, the extremely hard granite rock having been geometrically carved and polished to a mirror-like finish. These caves were decorated by religious ornaments carved into the rock and became the hiding places of the persecuted. The architecture of these caves evolved over the following centuries to become architectural marvels.

End of the Uttarine Empire
In 117 BCE the end of the Uttarine Empire would begin. The emperor Rastadharta had earned the contempt of the people, the nobles and the priests, due to his indifference to the problems of the government, his sinful acts and excessive spending on personal luxuries. In addition, corruption in the administration system was at the highest levels ever seen, and some people had started circulating coins with less metal and counterfeit coins that were other metals and not gold and silver. These problems caused a severe economic crisis that brought poverty to the empire. In this year the commercials concentrated at the palace gates to ask the emperor to take measures against the crisis, but the emperor responded by expelling the merchants through the imperial guard. In 116 BCE, a large Tylakian fleet from Anvēṣaka Island landed at Tylajunā, former capital of the Kingdom of Tylakolia, and took the city which had no garrison. This began the reconquest of Tylakolia by the exiled Tylakians. The imperial army had not been paid in a long time so most regiments went on strike and did not mobilize for war, giving free pass for Tylakolia to be fully reconquered in 115 BCE. The inaction of the emperor caused the governor of Pascātya to declare his independence, which was followed by the rest of the governors who earned the loyalty of their military garrisons. The emperor could do nothing against this and was finally assassinated by the imperial guard in 114 BCE, the year in which the Uttarine Empire was ended. A great number of kingdoms and republics would originate from the former territorial divisions of the Uttarine Empire.

Kingdoms and Republics Period (114 BCE - XXX CE)
After the fragmentation of the Uttarine Empire, the old kingdoms of Pascātya and Anārah would regain their independence (the latter being renamed Anarattā). The eastern coast would be dominated by the republics of Ganta and Sparka, which were formed thanks to the intellectuals convincing local rebels to form states governed by a senate. From the Szattara area the Kingdom of Hertaka would be born. The Kingdom of Tylakolia would be re-established under the same dynasty, which survived in insular exile. To face the economic crisis that the Uttarine Empire had left them, the new states minted their own currencies and diversified economic activities. The rice monoculture began to be accompanied by crops of sorghum, millet, banana, mango and guava, among other fruits and cereals. The transport infrastructure built by the emperors was used for trade. Little by little, the economy of the nations was going up and the first investments were made in the political and social organization. While the kingdoms maintained a despotic system, the Ganta and Sparka republics organized a democratic system based on citizen participation in politics through a Senate, which elected a consul to govern. This system gave rise to the formation of political factions which represented their political ideals in the Senate. While the kingdoms applied military repression or religious fanaticism (especially Anarattā, which had a very powerful clergy) to stay stable, the two republics enjoyed popularity with the multitude.

Herkata Holy War
Conflicts were not long in coming, since in 110 BCE the Kingdom of Hertaka adopted Māsṭaralism as the official religion, challenging all other states which were deeply Devanagist. In 109 BCE a coalition formed by Pascātya and Anarattā declared war on Hertaka accusing him of heresy, thus starting the first religious war in Prabhat's history. The coalition suffered serious setbacks to conquer Hertaka territory due to the resilience of its soldiers. However, the religious role in the war managed to attract volunteers and mercenaries from Ganta and Sparka who offered their services free of charge to fight against what they considered heretics. These mercenaries carried out raids and sabotage to wear down Hertaka's army, allowing Hertaka's strong border defense to be broken in 107 BCE and the great coalition army (which used a lot of war elephants, like its ancestor, the Uttarine Empire) started a breakthrough towards the capital of Hertaka. By 105 BCE the capital of Hertaka had fallen and the remaining soldiers took refuge in the artificial caves built by the Māsṭaralists. The coalition established the formation of a new government in Hertaka from the reigning dynasty at Pascātya, which adopted the main branch of Devanagism as the official religion and began the persecution of heretics. However, this kingdom had economic problems and instability since its establishment due to the devastation of the war and the resistance of the Māsṭaralist population, so it had to be helped by Pascātya and Anarattā. This victory was applauded by the rest of kingdoms and republics that professed Devanagism which founded the first military-religious organizations to purge the heretics. The wave of murders after this war led to the fear of the non-professing population and was forced to convert by force, which caused the disappearance of several local shamanic and animist beliefs. Māsṭaralism was able to continue to exist hidden within its artificial caves and in small diasporas in the territory of Tylakolia and the Rendoshian tribes, where they were not persecuted.

Geography
Prabhat is located in Southeast Kesh and occupies a total area of ​​488,575 km2 (188,640 sq mi). It is bordered to the southwest by the country of South Kesh, to the south and east by the Tethys Ocean, which has various interior sections such as the Tebih Bay, the Tylakian Sea and the Bhāgyan Bay. These coasts have a large number of islands, the largest and most prominent being Anvēṣaka Island in the Tylakian Sea, in the south of the country. While the south and east are low relief areas, the west is dominated by the Mahendra Range, a long mountain range in Southeast Kesh. Upon entering Prabhati territory, the Mahendra Range splits abruptly forming a sub-range to the north, which is called the Navīna Sub-Range. In these high-altitude mountain ranges, snow accumulates in the winter and melts in the summer, giving rise to the formation of important rivers in the country such as the Tyla River, the Nandur River and the Vida River. A special case is the Devana River, which begins at Devana Lake and flows into the Thetys Ocean north of Prabhat. The Devana Lake is the largest terrestrial body of water in Prabhat, being a water lake born thanks to several rivers coming from the Navīna Sub-Range, and that together with the Devana River forms an exotic ecosystem called Devana Basin in which there are unique life forms.

Prabhat's highest peak is Mount Lādata of the Navīna Sub-Range in the Maharunā region, at 4,579 meters high. The second highest peak is Mount Vhiktara (4,489 meters) also from the Navīna Sub-Range in Maharunā, and the third highest peak is Garjanā Volcano (4,435 meters), a dormant volcano since its last eruption in 1908, located in the main section of Mahendra Range in Dendrapur. The fourth highest peak is Sapphire Peak (4,411 meters) of the Mahendra Range in Bolukkia, and the fifth highest peak is Mount Himācchā (4,395 meters) of the Navīna Sub-Range in Maharunā.

Climate
Prabhat's territory includes 6 climates according to the Köppen climate classification: Tropical Monsoon (Am), Dry-Winter Tropical Savanna (Aw), Humid Subtropical (Cfa), Dry-Winter Humid Subtropical (Cwa), Hot Semi-Arid (BSh) and Alpine Tundra (ET). The Tropical Monsoon climate is distributed along the east coast inland, where it transits to Dry-Winter Tropical Savanna. This climate is thanks to the monsoons that occur on the east coast, which affect the temperature and rainfall. The south of the country is dominated by the Dry-Winter Humid Subtropical climate in the northern limit, which is influenced by the monsoon system of the east coast, and the Humid Subtropical climate in the southern and western areas, which is more stable for not being very affected by the monsoons. In the central-west of the country, the mountain ranges totally modify the weather patterns creating an Alpine Tundra climate zone in them and a vast region of Hot Semi-Arid climate to the west of these mountains, due to the fact that the mountains prevent the passage of rainfall to this area being dominated by dry winds.

In the area of the east coast and the capital city of Bhāgya, monsoons cause most of the rains to fall during the summer, causing several rivers to overflow, which can cause flooding in the cities adjacent to these rivers. However, the intensity of the monsoons is less than on the coasts of the countries north of Prabhat, and there is an prepared infrastructure for decades, reducing the danger of these floods. Winter is mostly dry, allowing longer hours of sunlight in winter than in summer. Bhāgya receives an average of around 2,200 hours of sunshine per year.

Government
The Prabhat government consists of an executive branch assumed by the King of Prabhat who delegates his power to the President, who heads the Cabinet of Ministers, which is in charge of the administration of the nation. The legislative branch is represented by the Prabhat General Courts, which consists of an upper house called the Prabhat Royal Council, and a lower house called the Prabhat National Assembly. In national democratic elections, the members of the Prabhat National Assembly are elected, who elect the members of the Royal Prabhat Council. For his part, the king appoints the President who is from the winning party or coalition. While the National Assembly is made up of 250 members elected directly by the national population, the Prabhat Royal Council is made up of 42 members, 2 for each first-level territorial division, who represent the interests of their regions in the national government. All citizens of Prabhat over 18 participate in democratic elections, without any racial, gender or economic distinction, as dictated by the National Constitution. Voting is mandatory from 18 years to 75 years. These elections are held every 4 years to elect the executive branch and every 2 years to elect the legislative branch.

Prabhat's Politics is special because it is multiparty in nature, as it does not have two dominant left and right parties but rather several parties with a varied political orientation, which make up a pluralized and diversified assembly. This can lead to problems in decision-making due to indecision, although these parties tend to form coalitions and political diversity favors citizen participation and the exchange of ideas, resulting in a more centrist and pragmatic ideology of government. Historically, the political scene was more polarized, as there was a bipartisanship between the National Prabhati Congress (left) and the Prabhat People’s Party (right). Currently, the government is led by the coalition Alliance for Development and Equality, a socioliberal, progressive and environmentalist coalition, formed by the National Prabhati Congress (center-left), the Constitutional Centrist Party (center) and the Green Party (center-left). The president is Anusha Chaudhari, a woman politician and a member of the National Prabhati Congress. The Alliance for Development and Equality won the last elections in 2019 with 43% of the vote, one of the most favorable results for a party in Prabhat's history.

Monarchy
The current king of Prabhat is Shivaji II, a member of the Bhāgayari Dynasty, which has reigned since the formation of the Prabhat Kingdom. The king has the executive power according to the National Constitution, and is also the ruler of the Autonomous City of Bhāgya, where the Palace of Bhāgya is located, residence of the king. The king has the power to make decrees and deny new laws, as long as these actions are approved by the Royal Council of Prabhat.

The system of monarchical succession is called Nivaḍa (निवड), and it is a mixed system between the hereditary monarchy and the elective monarchy. The Royal Council of Prabhat elects the successor of the king, who must be a member of the Bhāgayari Dynasty. This election is based on crowning the person most apt to rule in the dynasty, that is, the member with the most qualities, intellectual capacity, and personality to lead the nation. The Nivaḍa has led the monarchy to abolish gender distinctions and adopt a rigorous system of education and instruction for the members of the dynasty, so that people fit to rule can be trained. The last two elected monarchs have been the king's firstborn.

Judiciary
The Judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches in Prabhat, and is governed by the Prabhat National Constitution. The head of the Judiciary and highest court is the Supreme Court of Justice, which is based in the Palace of Justice in Bhāgya. It is composed of 5 members appointed by the King in agreement with the Prabhat Royal Council, which requires a two-thirds majority for this. The Supreme Court is the highest national court empowered to deliver justice in Prabhat, so its rulings can only be challenged before authorized international bodies. Below the Supreme Court of Justice are the 21 federal courts, which have jurisdiction over each of the 21 federal divisions. The third and final level of courts are the District Courts, which have jurisdiction over the districts, the level of administrative division below the regions.

There is another independent body of the Judiciary but of a similar nature called the Prabhat Constitutional Court, a body of national jurisdiction, in charge of enforcing the primacy of the constitution, interpreting it and exercising control of the constitutionality of the laws. This court is subject only to the National Constitution and its own organic law, and the 15 magistrates that compose it are appointed by the King in agreement with the Prabhat Royal Council and the President.

Administrative Divisions
Prabhat's federal system is made up of political subjects of necessary and inexorable existence according to the Prabhat Constitution, made up of three levels: regions, districts and municipalities. At the first administrative level are the 19 regions and the Autonomous City of Bhāgya.

The Prabhat regions are self-governing, have their own constitution subject to the National Constitution, have their own executive, legislative and judicial powers and their own police forces. The governments of these regions have the powers to administer their internal affairs, including security, education, health, industry, finance and other areas, and may be attached to the national government programs in these areas. These regions in turn are divided into districts and these into municipalities. In the case of the Autonomous City of Bhāgya, it is a special political subject that, in addition to having the autonomous functions of the other regions, has other powers. This city has the title of national capital and therefore the seat of the national government, it is inhabited by approximately 8,000,000 people and has a long history as the seat of the throne of the Kings of Prabhat, therefore its special legal status is established that the city is governed directly by the King of Prabhat, who fully assumes the executive functions.

Foreign Affairs
Prabhat's foreign policy is focused on ensuring the integrity of the Prabhati people, defending Prabhat's territorial and economic sovereignty, and bringing Prabhat's economy to regional and global integrity, forging ties with neighboring nations for regional cooperation and establishing relationships with the rest of the world to keep Prabhat connected to the global economy. The Prabhat government is open to signing Free Trade Agreements with other nations to reduce trade barriers and promote economic cooperation. The Prabhat government is required not to intervene in international conflicts unless there is a clear violation of human rights, Prabhat's interests are undermined or neighboring nations with which Prabhat has an alliance are attacked. Because Prabhat has no specific hostile relationships with any alliance or coalition, the arms sale is available to almost everyone, although the sales must be analyzed and accepted by the king.

Prabhat is one of the countries that least ask citizens of other nations for a visa to be visited. This is due to a government policy taken since the end of the 20th century by the government to promote the arrival of international tourists to Prabhat, due to the fact that the country has a large number of tourist attractions. Few countries require a visa and it is mostly because they are hostile or unstable nations.

Economy
The Kingdom of Prabhat has a free market economy, mainly oriented to the export of raw materials and manufactured products, although in recent decades the service sector has been growing. The great territorial extension has allowed the historical states of Prabhat to access a large amount of natural resources, which has allowed them to create an economic power of great weight in the South Kesh region, allowing Prabhat to be considered an emerging power. As there is a not so large population in a territory with a large amount of natural resources, Prabhat has good living rates compared to the rest of the countries in the region, and poverty has drastically decreased since industrialization, although income inequality remains an existing problem.

Prabhat's nominal GDP amounts to $1.029 Trillion, the GDP PPP amounts to $1.114 Trillion, the GDP PPP per capita is $23,400 and the GDP (nominal) per capita is $21,600, which puts him in a privileged position in his region. Prabhat's diversified economy is dominated by the service sector that makes up 56.4% of GDP. The rest is made up of the industrial sector with 32.6% and the primary sector with 11%. This makes Prabhat a special nation among industrialized nations because of the still existing importance of the primary sector. Financial services and banking are the main sources of income for the Prabhati economy. The Prabhat Stock Exchange, established in 1867, is the main stock exchange in the country and is private in nature. The government regulates financial activities through a state body called the Prabhati Securities and Exchange Commission. Another important industry in the service sector is tourism, which is widely expanded thanks to Prabhat's cultural and natural wealth.

Prabhat has an advanced industry in technology and electronic products with several major companies originating in the country. The two most important tech giants, Adhunikata and Ilektro, are multinational conglomerates specialized in the production of electronic entertainment and communication products, household appliances, software and other sections of the service sector. The growth of these two conglomerates has been exponential since the 1990s, managing to offer their products and services to the vast majority of Anterra countries. The exponential growth in these two technological giants throughout Anterra has made them symbols of Prabhat, contributing to their presence and fame in the world. Secondly, the Vāhatūka automotive group is important in Prabhat and the South Kesh region for the production and export of high quality cars, trucks, motorcycles and more recently civil aircraft, being Prabhat's main vehicle manufacturer and an important contribution to the industrial sector of the nation.

Agriculture and Livestock
Agriculture has been the main economic activity throughout Prabhat's history. In the tropical monsoon areas located on the eastern coast, and less so in the tropical savannas of the interior of the country, the production of tropical crops such as rice, bananas, tea, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, coconut, citrus fruits an pineapple has developed. Due to the long agricultural history of the tropics, which have been the source of food for all the historic peoples of Prabhat, production is represented by retail producers and not by large estates, which allows a competitive internal market that can be accessed by a large number of consumers of different economic levels.

Where there is a large number of large estates is in the extreme south of the country, which has a subtropical climate suitable for intensive agriculture. Since the industrial revolutions, that introduced the use of fertilizers and machinery that triggered agricultural production, large estates have been established in this area for the production of wheat, soybeans, barley, corn and other crops of commercial importance for export to the international market, which has positioned Prabhat as a competitive nation in the agricultural market. An important livestock sector has also developed in the subtropical and tropical savanna areas, which thanks to the large amount of land owned by Prabhat, positions the country as a major producer of meat, wool, milk and eggs, which are destined for the national and international market.

Fishing and Aquaculture
Fishing has historically been an important economic activity thanks to Prabhat's long ocean coastline, allowing it to access ocean shoals. Furthermore, a good number of fish abound in inland waters such as the Tylakian Sea and the Bhāgyan Bay. The Tylakian people have a great fishing tradition that dates back centuries, due to their great connection to the sea. On the other hand, the peoples of the Basin Devana have taken advantage of the large number of freshwater fish that abound in the Devana Lake, the Devana River and other rivers that form the basin. In the 20th century, fishing evolved into an industrial-scale practice, which has given Prabhat economic benefits but at the same time has affected the marine ecosystem and reduced the number of fish in shoals, so the government has had to take steps to ensure that fishing is carried out in a sustainable manner.

Fishing has been gradually replaced by aquaculture because aquaculture has less ecological impact and more economic returns. Aquaculture has been going on since the Medieval Age, when shrimp were raised in small-scale ponds. Since the 20th century, aquaculture has grown exponentially and has benefited from government policies that plan to replace fishing with aquaculture. Most of Prabhat's aquaculture is made up of mariculture, as Prabhat has numerous offshore mariculture facilities where fish, molluscs, crustaceans and algae are grown. Most of the mariculture is for saltwater species, but there are facilities at Devana Lake and other lakes for the cultivation of freshwater species. One of the policies taken to favor aquaculture has been to use genetic modification so that fish species are more fertile, mature more quickly and are resistant to diseases, increasing the quantity and quality of fish. With the decline in fishing performance, national private companies have started to invest in aquaculture, supporting government efforts for its growth. Currently 56% of the fish destined for human consumption in Prabhat comes from aquaculture.

Mining
Mining in Prabhat benefits from existing mountain ranges in Bhitora, Bolukkia, Godavari, Maharunā and Szattara, which are divided into two sections (the Mahendra Range and the Navīna Sub-Range). The Mahendra Range is rich in silver, zinc, lead, iron and bauxite, while the Navīna Sub-Range is rich in gold, copper, platinum, lithium and iron. The existence of these mineral reserves has managed to Prabhat maintain a certain self-sufficiency that made possible the early emergence of the industry and its prosperity. However, the quantity of these reserves is limited and the self-sufficiency that Prabhat has achieved appears to be in danger, prompting the government to carry out huge mining prospects in the 1990s, with positive results, to maintain mining self-sufficiency and not increase imports. Despite these mining prospects, the long-term durability of this mining self-sufficiency remains in doubt.

The discovery of large deposits of uranium located in the Navīna Sub-Range in 1949 led to the development of a large nuclear power industry in Prabhat and the export of uranium, which has positioned Prabhat as one of the most advanced nations in the nuclear energy sector. These uranium deposits have attracted a large number of international investors and companies, which has favored the growth of the interior regions and the economy in general.

Energy
The energy sources in Prabhat are nuclear power with 71%, fossil fuels with 14%, renewable energies (mainly hydroelectric) with 11% and bio-fuels with 4%. The Prabhat mountain ranges have supplied coal that has supplied Prabhat with energy for several decades, these coal reserves being quite limited at present, as is the little oil that exists. In the Rendozeshah and Maharunā regions there are extensive reserves of natural gas which are the main component of the fossil fuels used. The energy policy on natural gas has been to reduce its national use to sell it at competitive prices in the international market. Renewable energies are mainly hydroelectric dams located in the rivers of the center and south of the country. Solar and wind power have multiplied in recent years, mostly thanks to the sunny areas of the hot northwestern steppes and the coastal monsoon winds. Bio-fuels have flourished in the south of the country thanks to the land suitable for mass cultivation of corn to produce biomass, while part of the sugar cane produced in the center and north of the country is also destined for bio-fuels.

Nuclear energy is the main source of energy in the country, thanks to the large amounts of uranium existing in the mountain ranges. These uranium deposits were discovered in 1949, so the Prabhati Nuclear Program began in the 1950s for peaceful purposes as one of the first South Kesh nations to use nuclear energy. Most of the nuclear power plants are located in the Bhitora region, popularly called "the nuclear region" due to the high nuclear infrastructure that it possesses thanks to its proximity to the uranium deposits. The energy efficiency, reduced spending and minimal pollution of nuclear power plants had led the Prabhati government to focus on nuclear energy, investing large amounts of money that have managed to bring nuclear energy to current energy figures, by owning modern nuclear power plants of third-generation fission already start small efforts in the last decade for the development of nuclear fusion, and caused the population and political parties of Prabhat to have fully accepted that.

Tourism
Prabhat has been visited by 39 million international tourists in 2020, an increase of 2 million over the 37 million tourists who visited the country in 2019. This number makes Prabhat the most visited country in Southeastern Kesh and one of the most visited countries in the world. The most important tourist activities are ecotourism, coastal tourism and cultural tourism, thanks to the large number of nature reserves, beaches and cultural sites that the country has.

Coastal Tourism
Coastal tourism is one of the favorite activities of international tourists visiting Prabhat, because the beach conditions are ideal to attract tourists. In the summer the temperature ranges between 25° C and 30 °C, the weather is mostly sunny, the water has mild temperatures and the beaches have an important hotel and leisure infrastructure. The recreational activities carried out on these beaches are multiple, for example sunbathing, doing sports on the beach such as volleyball or water sports such as surfing.

The best known and most visited beach is undoubtedly Nilāgĕhena beach in Bhāgya (capital of the country), which is the beach with the largest hotel infrastructure in the country and where a large number of events are held such as the New Year's Party, that attract a large number of national and international visitors. However, there are much more attractive beaches such as Ulujavur and Sundaratha in Vidarala, Lōhana in Tughluka and Javanek in Malimarā, which attract many visitors due to their crystal clear waters and the large number of marine animals in their bays. The beaches of Krĕga and Bōldara in Anarattā are famous for being bays full of rocky islands which have vegetation on their tops. Sailing between the rocky islands with canoes are the favorite activities on these beaches.

Largest Cities
Most of the population of Prabhat is concentrated in urban areas, and in turn most of the urban areas are concentrated on the coast. The three most populous cities are Bhāgya, Thiruvadar and Firakēndra, which have more than one million inhabitants. The metropolitan area of Thiruvadar is the second most populated with 3,156,068 inhabitants, and the metropolitan area of Firakēndra occupies the third place, reaching 2,056,931 inhabitants. The metropolitan area of Bhāgya, which occupies a large part of the federal territory of the Autonomous City of Bhāgya, is the most populated metropolitan area in the country, reaching 5,460,155 inhabitants. The city of Bhāgya reached its population thanks to owning the title of national capital for several centuries, while Thiruvadar has been an important population center in the history of Prabhat thanks to being located on the Devana River. Firakēndra has experienced a demographic explosion since the 20th century thanks to being an important port from which products are exported to other countries, a situation favored by being at the mouth of the Devana River.

Ethnicity
The largest ethnic group in Prabhat are the Bhāgyavāna (38.6%), who mostly occupy the center of the country, dominating the capital city of Bhāgya. The second largest ethnic group are the Devanasūna (35.4%) who occupy the north and northeast of the country, dominating important cities such as Thiruvadar and Firakēndra. The Bhāgyavāna and the Devanasūna are related ethnic groups that form the Bhāgyan-Devanasūnan ethnic family, so they share the same appearance: a color tone that varies from brown to slightly white.

The third largest ethnic group is the Tylakians (15.7%), who occupy much of the south of the country, with the majority in the region that bears their name, Tylakolia. They have a whitish skin tone as they are adapted to their native subtropical climate, which has less solar impact than the central and northern regions. The fourth largest ethnic group is the Rendoshian (9.3%) who are concentrated in the northwest of the country, in the Rendozeshah and Maharunā regions. They have a much darker skin tone than the rest of the ethnic groups because their native climate is semi-desert. The rest of the ethnic groups in the country are migrants from other nations, especially from the Southern Kesh and Eastern Kesh countries, or ethnic groups from neighboring nations that have accumulated on the border with them.