Kodeshia

Kodeshia (//; '; : 山河间; Shānhé Jiān), officially the Empire of Kodeshia' (: 山河间帝國;Shānhé Jiān Dìguó''), is a sovereign state in Kesh, constituting the home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, located on Anterra. Kodeshia is bordered to the north by Asharistan, Alvakalia, Beifang, to the southwest Qingcheng and to the east by Selengeria. Other neighbouring countries include Akiteiwa and Shimakawa, The country is divided into 22 provinces. It has a population of over 500 million inhabitants. Kodeshia's capital city is Songhari, while its most populous city is Chenghai. Kodeshia developed a distinctive biodiversity of animal, fungal, plant life and local culture.

Kodeshia is considered a, with its known history beginning with some of the world's earliest ancient civilisations in the fertile basin of the Changnan River (长南河) in the Southern Plains. For millennia, Kodeshia's political system was based on hereditary monarchies, known as dynasties, beginning with the semi-mythological Ying'guo dynasty (c. 2800 BCE). Since 221 BCE, when the Dajiang state first conquered several smaller states to form a Kodeshi empire, the country has seen cycles of expansion, prosperity along with periods of decline and fracture. The centuries long period of absolute monarchy was ended with the establishment of the Imperial State of Kodeshia at the end of the Grand Campaigns. But this new constitutional monarchy was short lived as political deadlock descended into a brutal civil war in which the republican rebels overthrew the last dynasty and established the State of Kodeshia led by war hero Guo Guotai.

Following his death in 1964 the Guoist regime was thrown into chaos as no direct successor was named and a power struggle broke out and led to the restoration of the Emperor to the position of Emperor of Kodeshia and announcement of the new Great Empire of Kodeshia in Songhari on 1964. He took the position of head of state in accordance with the Guoist law but led to the return of the Constitutions from the 1926 but it was amended to give the Emperor near-absolute power modelled along the lines of Beifang's monarchy which backed the restoration along with Alvakalia, who backed the democrats more than the royalists. However to win the support of the democratic factions within the government the parliament was maintained and a pathway to a more democratic constitutional monarchy was promised yet no timeline was given. The stability of this new system was shaken almost immediately by a coup d'état attempt led by the Military Generals against the democratic parties in the government leading to a large scale insurgency and decade long conflicts. Kodeshia's political system combines elements of a  and an, with the ultimate authority vested in an Emperor. The Kodeshia government is widely considered to be, with significant constraints and abuses against and civil liberties.

Kodeshia's history has since has been characterised by periods of rapid economic change and political instability. The country continues to face challenging problems, including pollution, natural disasters, sectarian violence, poverty, illiteracy, and corruption. Despite these factors, Kodeshia has achieved significant progress in social and economic development as a result of rapid economic growth and industrialisation and improving health and food production services reducing poverty rates substantially. Geographically, its diversity of landscapes, ranging from tropical rainforests to desert mountain steppes and temperate climate zones. The country is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the Unaligned Nations Consortium, and a founding member of the Kesh-Tethys Economic Cooperation.

Etymology
The English word "Kodeshia" is first attested in 15th-century translation of a journal of the Artemian explorers. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, and adjectival form "Kodeshi" or occasionally "Kodeshian" developed later. Some scholars have suggested that the word Kodeshia is derived from the name of the old imperial empires a proposal that has found widespread support, although there are also a number of alternative suggestions. The official name of the modern state is the "Empire of Kodeshia" (: 山河间帝國;Shānhé Jiān Dìguó). The shorter form is "Kodeshia" Shānhéjiān (山河间) literally means "Between mountains and rivers". But it is also sometimes known as Kòudàlù (竘大陆), from Kòu ("governance"), dà ("big") and lù ("land"). This usage came about after the end of Imperial rule and differs from the common English word Kodeshia which is derived from the old Imperial name, Kòudìzhōu (竘帝州), from Kòu ("governance"), Dì ("emperor") and zhōu ("state"). The alternative Jiāngguó (江國) literally means river state, which alludes to the foundation myths of the first ancient semi-mythological Ying'guo dynasty.

Prehistory
There is evidence of early human occupation, in the land that is now Kodeshia. To date, the earliest evidence of human habitation in the region lies in the paleolithic era. There are some rare finds that give us a glimpse into the possibility of what was here before. One of the most abundant finds in the region are the fossilized bones of various species of animals, which have been dated to around one to two million years ago. This is evidence of the early human hunters having a major impact on the fauna of the region at that time. This evidence is further supported by the existence of various mammals, birds and fish that are no longer found in the area. Traditionally, the land through which the Longbei River system flows has been known as the "backbone of Kodeshia", due to it being the most densely inhabited area of the nation.

Because of this, it's not surprising that there is evidence of human occupation and the presence of various societies throughout the region. The earliest evidence of human settlement in the region is from the paleolithic era, during which time various types of tools have been discovered in the area. These tools, of which there are several varieties, show that human beings lived in the region during this time, but the evidence of what they were doing is limited to the tools they left behind. These tools consist of various stone hand-axes and other such tools which were used to construct various types of shelters including caves and temporary dwellings.

The Palaeolithic inhabitants of the region show no signs of cultivation or raising of domesticated animals and live a fairly simple life collection of stone tools and the occasional hunted animal. A pivotal event in Kodeshi prehistory was the slow penetration of the first rice farmers from the north, which began in the late 3rd millennium BCE. The earliest signs of these rice farmers are a few small settlements along the Changnan River. Over the next several hundred years, these settlements slowly begin to take over the region as more and more farmers settle the area. These people grew crops along with raising Oxen and other animals. The origins of these farmers are still a point of debate among the historians.

Early dynastic rule
The beginning of the kingdom of Kodeshia began with several small cities and villages near the Changnan River between the mountain ranges in the south and the fertile basin of the Longbei River in the north which later came to be known as the 'Golden Plain'. The city-states of this period were each led by a powerful ruler or tribal group usually known as the "King" (Guoyu: 王; pinyin: wáng). The period between 2800 to 2100 BCE was marked by the rise of many tribes under this title. Some were already in control of small city-states while others were still nomadic. The beginning of this period is marked by the ascension of the first "King" or ruler known as Ying'guo. The "King" of the tribe was a powerful warrior who united several small tribes in the area by about 2300 BCE.

According to some reports, his reign was marked by a series of natural disasters. Others, however, say that he was a benevolent ruler who brought the people together but was struck down by a plague. After his death, his various tribes became disorganized; conflicts broke out among his successor. The "King" of the Shanyue tribe, Leigu, was not officially declared the new ruler by his peers, but rather took power by force. The other tribes eventually agreed to live under his rule in an uneasy alliance. After a few decades, the people of the region grew restless under Shanyue rule and a series of uprisings began. The Shanyue king responded by forming alliances with other nearby tribes. In 2000 BCE, a coalition was formed and invaded Ying'guo's former territory. The tribes were eventually successful, driven off or absorbed the tribe and incorporated them into the new coalition. Over time, the tribes of the region began to speak a new language called "Yingzuo".

The city-states of the period were fairly small. The largest would only have held about ten thousand people, though some of the tribes were as large as several hundred thousand. The people farmed and herded, and some hunted. They used simple tools and weapons made from wood and stone. Some used pottery. Most lived in small houses. There were no cities as such, just several tribal towns that would occasionally unite for military purposes. They worshipped many gods, nature spirits and ancestor worship. Religion was important, but not as much as the other aspects of life.

Some tribes used the mountains as their main residence. The largest of these were the Youling, who lived in the mountainous region to the north. They were divided into several tribes, but most notable were the three which held sway over the three largest cities: Youling, Zhao and Shanyue. They vied with each other for influence and power. Shanyue were essentially the same as the Zel tribe, but also included many immigrant Shanyue from further north. Zhao was a loose alliance of several warring houses. The people of the region, despite their tribal origins, were increasingly becoming a single entity. The numerous wars and struggles for power had drawn many people together. Trade had increased, and there was an extensive road system. There was a strong desire for the people to be unified, not just by race, but by culture and language.

The concept of nationalism, which would become a major political force in the coming centuries, first arose. Youling and Shanyue were the first to develop this idea. The Zel tribe, still ruled by the royal family of Shanyue, was the last to do so. The rulers of Zel were strong believers in maintaining the status quo, which often resulted in them being opposed by nationalist movements. By 1800 BCE, the desire for independence was becoming more widespread among the people. Most of the cities were so opposed that they made contact with the rulers of the Zhao and Youling cities. It was agreed that an alliance would be beneficial to all involved, and three cities made pacts. The rulers of these three cities would meet at the border and help coordinate the military effort towards the other cities. This meeting became known as the "Conference of the Three Tribes". The three cities of the "tribes" were really just small kingdoms at this point. The rulers were still generally though to exist under the Ying'guo dynasty.

Despite them agreeing to this pact, the unity of the Ying’guo dynasty and the three cities of the tribes fell apart and they continued to fight. By 1000 BCE this new alliance had consolidated into the united Guo dynasty, with the royal family of Shanyue at its head. The rulers of the cities had not been content with just that though; as it was power and control that they were after, not simple conquest. They had struck deals with the ruler of the Youling tribe, and the ruler of the Yourling tribe in return for military and financial support they had helped them to secure. The rulers of the cities had become quite the military power and were using their new strength to expand their own empires.

In 856 BCE, this pattern of expansion and consolidation was broken by the appearance of a new power on the horizon. The unity broke and factions fought against each other in a struggle for power until 842 BCE. By this time the powerful Xian dynasty took power after defeating the rival factions in battle. The rulers of the three cities were furious by this. They had expected to become strong powers, not be subsumed into the ever-expanding Xian dynasty. This was a period where many rebellions occurred, some successful, but the most lasting one was the Sanguang Rebellion. The leaders of the three cities met during this time and formed a new pact to fight against the forces of the “King”. The three cities prepared their armies for war. The rulers of the cities had their best and most loyal troops, but the rulers of the Zhao and Youling cities had similar arrangements. The war was brutal, and it took place on several fronts. The rulers of the three cities could not afford to have the full might of the “King” directed against them, fortunately this was also the period where the “King” had become obsessed with defending his borders.

Smaller conflicts were fought which suited the rebels just fine, as they had more time to prepare for a counterattack. This went on for another fifteen years, each side making progress and then being forced back by the other. During this time, the rulers of the three cities became more and more entrenched in their own beliefs. They each believed they were doing the right thing, that they were serving the gods by fighting the Xian dynasty. The rulers were sometimes heard speaking of how their ancestors would be able to look up and see their actions as the ultimate fulfilment of their faith. The first fifteen years of the rebellion war had been the hardest. The progress made during this time had depleted the ranks of many villages and towns, further straining the resources of the people. After two centuries, the people were finding it more difficult to survive.

In the second century a change occurred. With each passing year, more and more people found themselves able to work the land again, or even start farming it for the first time because of this progress. The people were living better lives now than they ever had. The rulers and their armies were making sacrifices, trading food and goods for the right to work the land. The people also found ways to deal with the excess population. However, all this change had a downside. The population was growing again and there were simply not enough jobs to go around. The rulers were having to rethink some of their policies.

By the century's middle half, more and more of the rulers had abandoned their war on the people. They continued to tax the people harshly but distributed the money more equally.

In the century's later half, it became apparent that the population growth could no longer be stopped. The population explosion was causing other problems as well. The towns and villages, though self-sustaining, could still not support a large enough population. Nothing could have prepared them for such a long, monsoon. It rained for over a year. It flooded the low-lying areas, and many swamps and marshes became large lakes. The rivers overflowed their banks and caused massive floods. There was no way to predict such a thing, and no way to prepare. When the rains stopped, the world had changed completely. The land had risen several feet and cracked in many areas. Mountain ranges shifted or collapsed entirely. Many tribes were wiped out in this time. Many other bands took what little resources they had left and made a run for the hills. It took many months for even the most resilient of groups to make it to where they could farm again. Those that didn't die off completely died of starvation when the soil was unable to support life anymore. This great disaster caused chaos for the ruling Xian dynasty that had survived the rebellions and wars, but the floods and monsoons were too much.

Ultimately by 256 BCE the Xian dynasty fell apart and was succeeded by the Zu dynasty that implemented transformative and lasting changes. Creating huge public projects like a new dams and water management systems and roads and canals to help trading. Eventually this would lead to the population explosion and mass migration to the cities that we see today. The Zu dynasty is also credited with the formation of the tile of Emperor replacing that of ‘’King’’.

Imperial Kodeshia
In the later stages of the Zu dynasty the concept known as the "Tianren", or literally "The Man of Heaven". The ruler of the Empire was called the "Tianren", and it was he who ensured the prosperity of the Empire. The Emperor was the "Tianren" during most of his reign. The concept of a "Tianren" was first introduced by Teacher Jin Ying in the Later Zu period.

The teacher saw that the Emperor was confused on his role, leaving material reality and moving towards fruitless mysticism. He wrote the Lectures of the Teacher in somewhere around Western Kodeshia or modern Hydar and was purported to go on a great expedition through the mountains to deliver it to the emperor. The Emperor had him executed, but his work was not lost due to being found by a young general. This young general would go on to form the Tuan Dynasty using Jin Ying's precepts.

His work would become one of the Five Classics in Kodeshia. The concept of the "Tianren" is as follows: The person who is Tianren is thought to be a deity in himself, and the temporary controller of all forces assigned to him by Heaven. Thus all states that are in union with heaven must give deference to him, and the holder of the position must create "strong rules, and strong punishments" to regulate the states beneath him. Tianren's grace and competence in governing is thought to affect the people and earth and if he fails in his job "the people will fall into degeneracy, the fields will fail, the sciences will be lost, and the empire will decay away from heaven". When the circle of states breaks up again with the position of Tianren is in multiple hands, heaven has abandoned the current dynasty and is looking for another. This is the role of the ruler of the Empire, which Emperor Han Tzu solemnly accepted and fulfilled. He was "Tianren" and everything was legal if done by him. In the beginning of the Tuan era, Emperor Han Tzu was the only ruler and he ruled by divine right. Everything was legal if Emperor Han Tzu decided it was. This of course created a need for the system of checks and balances on the ruler, but not on the ruler's subjects.

Emperor Han Tzu never extended to his people the grace and competence he showed to his soldiers. His understanding of the role of the ruler was that of a warrior, not a statesman. As a result, the Empire stagnated and declined. When this attitude became the norm for the ruler, as it has for the last three rulers of the Empire, it created a great divide in the people of the Empire. The educated and the peasants saw it as an insult that their lives did not matter to the noble rulers of the Empire. The noble rulers saw it to use the glory of the ruler to control the masses. This resulted in the peasants becoming increasingly desperate as they lost their lands, animals, homes and in some cases their entire villages.

This led to the decline and fall of the Tuan dynasty, leading to the Three dynasties era with the Empire breaking into the northern Bei dynasty, the southern Nan dynasty and the central Yang dynasty. Each dynasty claimed the divine rule of Tianren and that they were the true successor to the Tuan dynasty. It was a period of war and chaos. It is of note that all rulers in the Three State period after the Tuan were directly in charge of the military. It is believed that this was one of the major contributing factors to the fall of the Empire.

This period of separate weaker dynasties would last until the Jie dynasty appeared around 503 CE having slowly consolidating its forces to slowly conquer the smaller states with the southern Nan dynasty having already outlasted the northern and middle kingdoms by this period. The rule of the Jie period was marked by strong rule but failed to relive the glory of the Zu period. Eventually by the late fourth century, the south had fully consolidated under the southern Nan and the middle kingdom under the northern kingdom.

This led to the River of Blood war which occurred around the year 395 CE. The war was a result of the south wanting to see the destruction of the northern kingdom for it's expansionism and arrogance. But the arrival of the skilled cavalry forces of the Jie kingdom allowed them to take on the mighty southern kingdom as a counter measure to stop the threat of total destruction.

The war ended with the Jie in complete control of all lands west of the mountains and the southern kingdom focused on holding on to what it had. This was not enough and by 503 CE the Jie forces had completely taken all the territory of the Nan dynasty and its forces were wiped out in a bloody siege on the Imperial Capital. The Jie dynasty became the Tianren and ruled on the throne until 712 CE.

Emperor Han Tze was only twenty-five when he took power over the Empire with no serious rivals. It was a good start, but the years proved to be difficult ones. As he reached his forties, the mortality rate for the rulers of the Empire was high. Most only ruled for a few years and the oldest to rule were all dead. Han Tze was no exception; within a decade, he suffered three major defeats at the hands of the Xi, a group of barbarians to the east. He also suffered two rebellions, the first being lead by his son and the second by his sister.

Fortunately, the first was put down quickly but the second took years to crush due to its extensive nature. If those were not enough, the land was suffering just as much as the ruler was. Disasters of varying proportions ravaged the Empire. Famine, droughts, floods, storms, blights and other natural and unnatural causes all took their toll. The population was also suffering as the number of refugees and those wanting to leave the Empire continually outnumbered those that desired to remain loyal to the Empire. This led to the great period of war and the so called five kingdoms era, Emperor Han Tze's right hand advisor betrayed him and led the Jiao dynasty. Within a decade the Empire had collapsed. The Xi tribes of barbarians were taking advantage of the chaos and encroached further east.

The Five kingdoms were established in the old heartlands and while some were willing to pay tribute, others desired to be independent. There were also the Xi tribes of barbarians to the east and Hui west. The Xi to the east were collaborators due to a pact between their tribal chief and the traitor emperor. They accepted Jiao dynasty rule and acted as a buffer between the Xi to the west and the Lolo people. The Hui to the west had no such pact and were fierce warriors. They were prevented from expanding due to the rise of the military led Wu kingdom which expanded and ultimately became independent under their leader Li Dak Koo.

The Jiao dynasty took up the bulk of the old Empire's heartland with the Wu kingdom rising to the east. Soon the Shi kingdom rose in the south made up of the ministerial and scholars from the old Empire. These three kingdoms between them roughly covered the old Empire's territory although each was very different from each other. By 734 CE, these kingdoms were joined by the Shang dynasty that rose in the north from the mountains and the Jiang dynasty led by one of the top generals of the Jiao kingdom. This period was marked by conflict between all these factions as they tried to carve out a piece of the old empire.

As time went on, war and conflict were becoming a common way of life as resources became scarce. But it was the traitorous Jiao dynasty that was first to fall, after a brutal war with the Xi tribes and fighting with the Wu dynasty. By the late 750s, the Xi tribes had overrun all of the Jiao kingdom and what was left was slowly taken back by the Wu kingdom which assimilated it fully into their culture. The traitorous Jiao king was hunted down and executed. But this conflict took a toll on the Wu kingdom and it fell to the Xi barbarians in 753 CE. Left was the southern Shi kingdom, the northern Shang kingdom and the eastern Jiang kingdom.

By the 770s, war had become a way of life to the various kingdoms. The Xi tribe also took advantage of the chaos by expanding into the eastern kingdom. The Jiang kingdom fell to the Xi tribes and conflict with the Shang in 774 CE. Left was the northern Shang dynasty and the southern Shi dynasty which had expanded greatly. The Xi tribe's expansion only brought them closer to the Shang dynasty.

In 784 CE, a Xi invasion force of thousands arrived at the borders of the Shang Kingdom led by their Chief Xi Mongke. He made a direct threat to the king of the time, Kao Wang Wei. The king chose to appease him by sending a small gift of two horses and a silk robe. But this wasn't enough and the Xi tribe razed the city which led to the complete destruction of the Shang dynasty. King Kao Wang Wei led the last of the Shang soldiers to battle and was killed. The remnants of the army fled before the Xi tribe although some retreated to a distant stronghold where they continued to fight. The Xi tribe declared themselves rulers of all they had conquered which lead to the rise of several petty warlords in the east. While the Shi dynasty had become the dominant kingdom in the region disputes within their own forces led to once loyal Xie dynasty fighting the Shi dynasty for control of the region.

The Xi tribe established a tribal rule in the land with the primary goal of protecting themselves from the people of the land and external threats. After several centuries of conflict and chaos the Xie dynasty took over the Shi kingdom in 786 CE and became the now dominant Empire expanding to retake all the lost lands crushing the Xi tribes as they expanded. The Empire's heartland in the west saw warlordism and eventual power grabs by several groups. The remnants of the Xi tribe in the east were slowly pushed back and absorbed by the various powers in the land. To the southwest in modern day nation of Qingcheng which had been free under the Yan dynasty was reintegrated back into the grand empire by the powerful Xie dynasty.

The Tianren hand been restored by Emperor Shou Han. While the Xi tribe in the far east continued to be a problem even after their destruction of the Xi kingdom. The Xie dynasty would soon have to face up to the emerging Min dynasty in 790 CE which led to conflict between the two states. In 860 CE, the Xi tribe led by Chief Xi Mongke died out with his sons taking power over the various warlords in the land, though this was not in unity. A war of attrition broke out and the Xi tribe was largely destroyed, many assimilated into the various cultures but the Xi Mongke's legacy lived on.

The Min dynasty grew in power as the Xie dynasty suffered from many shocks including a devastating flood in 863 CE and an armed rebellion led by a eunuch in 873 CE. Which ultimately was the end of the Xie dynasty and the Min assimilated all of its territory becoming the new dominant force. The last remnants of the Xi tribe were assimilated by the Min or fled to the furthest reaches of the land, the Xi tribe was finally defeated. In its glory days the great Min empire spanned most of eastern Kodeshia, Qingcheng, Hydar State and parts of Selengeria. The Min dynasty led by the successful Emperor Huan Gong on to become the first Emperor of a unified Kodesh Empire. His achievements were great and widely known throughout Kodeshi history.

Much is written about this so-called glory period for the Empire. Soon after the Emperor suffered a, slow mental degeneration and a loss of appetite. He died in 881 CE and was succeeded by his son. But his son was not of age, so the Ling dynasty slowly seized power and by 889 CE the Min dynasty was gone and the Ling Empire began expanding north, east and west.

The Ling Empire would rule until 1023 CE when after a period of famines and floods the Ling dynasty lost the Tianren and were put to death. The Chou dynasty took power and led the Empire to new heights of glory though it would also experience a dark age from 1121 to 1227 CE. This dark age was caused by several factors such as the beginning of the shift of power from the Empire to the city states of Nalin, Yin and Kishak, the Chou dynasty was losing political power and the rising Zhou dynasty challenged them for it. By 1237 CE the Zhou dynasty had taken power and led the Empire into a new period of stagnation.

Late imperial
By the 1500s the state of Qingcheng which was part of the Zhou empire, there was local Qingchenese nobles in the Zhou court. The nobles of the south coast, with merchants and some independentist groups, were sick of the Zhou supremacy, staged an uprising defeated the imperial army in the actual state of Zhonghe, and then succeed to push towards the north. While the rebel Qingchenese army was going further in the north, more local noble rallied the army with their troops, growing more and more stronger. A last battle happened on the river Minjiang, both sides suffered many losses, but the battle ended as a Qingchenese victory. This loss was deeply humiliating for the Zhou dynasty which was forced to set free the Qingchenese kingdom, but refused to give all the claimed territories. This defeat made the Zhou dynasty weaker against his opponents inside Kodeshia and it was challenged by the rising Liang dynasty in the east. The Empire also began to experience religious conflicts in this period.

By 1531 the Liang dynasty faced the Zhou dynasty in open combat. After a short but brutal war the Zhou already weaken fell and was not able to recover again. The Empire, weakened by endless civil wars, fell into a period of disorder in which several powerful city states grew stronger. But the new Liang dynasty sought to turn things around the new Emperor facing a difficult choice agreed to give Qingcheng total independence with all their claimed territories. Reforms were made to restore the glory to the Empire but the damage was done, the Empire never was able to recover to its former glory, both in its International standing within Kesh and domestically but all was not lost as the Emperor was able to consolidate his power within the Empire. Stability was restored but internally the Empire began to stagnate with rising threats from its neighbours, with the foundation of Selengeria in 1577 following the defeat of the Zhu Kingdom along with encroaching Artemian Imperialism as colonial forces from Artemia arrived on the continent of Kesh. By 1655 the Liang Empire came into direct conflict with Tiperyn forces around the Yuhai Islands. The war was a total defeat with the badly overstretched, undermanned, underfunded and uncoordinated naval forces of Liang Empire no match for the powerful Tiperyn fleet of galleons and their well-trained musket forces. During this era the navy was not a separate entity and proved largely inadequate against pirate raids and the Tiperyn forces.

The islands were taken and renamed The Jade Islands and were developed into major regional commercial centres for Tiperyn. By this time the Liang Empire became known as the Empire of Kodeshia but the humiliation and loss of prestige and influence from this short war was deep. The Empire tried to reform but efforts were slow due to the effects of this war along with the effects of the Great Plague that hit Kesh and much of the world in 1789. In the late 1800s there were several attempts in reforming the Empire however all of them failed, the most notable of these was Wei Lujiong's Transformation Movement. Which did achieve some goals however the movement as it was in died out after the death of its leader. The influence from the Fu Gwok Movement in Beifang and the The Directorate, aggressive approach to modernising and liberalising the nation and and pursuing industrialisation within Selengeria sparked renewed efforts for modernisation and industrialisation against looming threat of Artemian colonisation but the Emperor died in 1886 before carrying out this plan. The new Emperor Zhaodazu took power but hand to struggle against fierce opposition from conservative anti-reformist aristocracy within the court and the public, the situation would remain unresolved until 1907 when the Northern Skirmishes or Kodeshi-Beifang war of 1907 to 1908 arose over merchant dispute within the trading ports of Kodeshia. The short conflict highlighted the failure of the Liang dynasty's attempts to modernize its military and fend off threats to its sovereignty, especially when compared with Beifang's successful Fu Gwok Movement. For the first time, regional dominance in East Kesh shifted from Kodeshia to Beifang; the prestige of the Liang dynasty, along with the classical tradition in Kodeshia, suffered a major blow. The humiliating treaty sparked an unprecedented public outcry which forced the new Emperor to accept its demands. The renewed public support the Emperor efforts to modernise and industrialise took hold and great efforts to promote Artemian education and advanced technology led to strong economic connections with the Teutonic Empire and Mero-Curgovina through several industrialization programs mainly military, shipping and railway projects.

Kodeshia made a formal alliance with the Teutonic Empire signed on 12 January 1919 this newfound solidarity was mainly focused towards protecting its own interests in the risky world of international diplomacy and trade. Kodeshia which until now had been officially neutral but had been closely watching the global conflict of the Grand Campaigns since 1915. Saw a chance to retake it's glory and lost territory. The overwhelming victory of the Teutonic forces in the field and seeing Tiperyn join the conflict. Kodeshia officially declared war on Tiperyn and its allies in support of the Teutonic Empire. Within hours of declaring war the newly developed Weidalu (Great Continential) Fleet was formed from the Northern and Southern fleets. The forces quickly sailed towards the Yuhai (Jade Sea) Islands. Under command of Admiral Shen Hanzhi numerically superior Kodeshian forces quickly surrounded and laid siege to the islands. While the smaller islands were taken virtually without resistance, the main island only fell after a three-month siege with regular naval bombardments. Tipryn colonial forces only torpedo boat was able to slip past the blockade and managed to sink a light cruiser before being spotted and sunk. continued to resist until they were overwhelmed by landing army forces. Following the success of the operation, there were widespread celebrations across the nation and Admiral Shen Hanzhi became a national folk hero.

This drew Selengeria into the war, which had allied with Tiperyn which opened a new front against Kodeshia. Emperor Zhaodazu had to quickly begin mobilising his armies. Beifang quickly came to the side of Kodeshia and mobilised its forces, sending expeditionary forces to aid its allies in West Artemia and Kodeshia, as well as invading Selengeria's northern border. This new eastern front was the second largest of the war and quickly forced the Kodeshi command to adopt a strategic defence. Initially Kodeshi Field Marshal and Chief of the General Staff of the Army Yuan Guozhang proposed a daring pincer movement against the large Selengeria salient hoping to swiftly cut off and encircle the bulk of Selengerian forces before they could reinforce their positions. Then push towards capturing Selengeria's capital Sükhbaatar and force a peace settlement. The attack would begin with a diversionary attack by the 6th and 7th while the main force consisting of 2nd, 3rd and 5th Armies from the northeast would capture the enemy forces off guard. Meanwhile, the 1st, 9th and Armies would advance from the south-east and capture the main object of the Selengeria oil fields then link up the 2nd, 3rd and 5th armies completing the encirclement. While the initial stages of the attack were a success taking the Selengerian forces by surprise the northern advance achieved only modest gains of around 10 kilometres.

By now the heavy casualties and exhaust combined with risk becoming overstretched meant the forces had to stop and regroup. There were also major supply problems, the armies were moving slowly and only the lack of any appreciable amount of road or rail lines limited supplies. As the monsoon weather set in all offensive operations became impossible as the ground became so muddy by 1921 the newly opened Eastern front had quickly become like the Artemian stalemate. By 1923 after the death of the Emperor Zhaodazu, new plans for a major eastern front offensive were proposed by General Tang Xueliang it would become to be known as the Tang Offensive. The offensive was a serious defeat for the Selengerian forces, which was forced out of its first position by the Imperial Kodeshi 5th Army. The first day on the offensive was, in terms of casualties, also the worst day in the history of the Kodeshi army, which suffered over 100,000 casualties. It became tremendously costly for the Imperial army, and after the offensive, its forces were seriously depleted and the public will for the war was at an all-time low. Unrest from the soldiers and public and heavy resentment towards the new Emperor Qinghuiguo taking over from his recently departed father the well-loved Emperor Zhaodazu, this in combination with foreign support for rebels and the chaos and sporadic communist uprisings in Alvakalia spilling over into north Kodeshia leading to revolts against the emperor over dissatisfaction with the war effort and rationing and shortages, as well as the continued assistance to the rebels.After the destruction of the Militias and before the armistice with Selengeria the Kodeshi armies had suffered major losses in men and matériel. after a long, protracted, and deadly campaign, Kodeshia and forces from Beifang defeated the militias and put an end to military and civil disputes but at a heavy cost to Emperor Qinghuiguo's personal image and respect for the government.

Kodeshian Civil War (1927-1932)
The poor handling drew widespread discontent and condemnation of the monarchies handling of the situation. In response to the public discontent and revolts a series of reformist mass movements forced the Emperor to sign the first Kodeshi Constitution, creating a constitutional monarchy ending thousands of years of absolute monarchy. This allowing the public to voice its concerns via a democratic parliament. The new government, instantly became deadlocked between faction groups much to the frustration of the Emperor.

By this stage Kodeshia sought to end the hostilities and with its ally Beifang they reached an armistice with Selengeria was put in place while terms of peace could be conducted, a separate peace with Tiperyn was conducted which was agreed to keep its captured territories for reparations for losses to its empire. This conflict dismantled the Imperial autocracy and led to the rise of military rule.

The Liang Dyansty collapsed as the Emperor Qinghuiguo and the old regime were replaced by members of the Imperial parliament who assumed control of the country, forming the a Republican Government which was heavily dominated by factional interests. As the situation deteriorated the Emperor was forced to flee to Beifang. But as the chaos and factional fighting took hold the Military in alliance with Republicans, Nationalists, Democrats and Religious groups achieved a preponderant role with military war hero Guo Guotai taking power establishing the Kodeshi State, the civil war also led to the creation of the the Hydar State under Feriuz Hydar.

Kodeshi State (1930-1964)
The Guoist regime, officially known as the Kodeshi State is the period of Kodeshi history when Guo Guotai (郭國泰) ruled Kodeshia as dictator with the title Grand Marshal. (大元帅) Having restored economic prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy spending on the military, while suppressing labor unions and strikes.

The return of prosperity and decree which merged all parties supporting the rebel side, led to a Nationalist Kodeshia becoming a single-party regime under the Guoist Party which saw enormous popularity, with only minor, isolated and subsequently unsuccessful cases of resistance among the Kodeshi population over its years of rule.

The regime undertook a period of massive industrialization and internal struggles between 1930 and 1940 as Guo Guotai established near total control over Kodeshi society, wielding virtually unrestrained power. Guo was ready to put a radical programme of industrialisation into action.

The Kodeshi State viewed the accession of fervently anti-Kodeshi Khiyat Süüdriin's Ündserkheg to power in Guurdalai with great alarm from the onset, especially since Süüdriin proclaimed the areas of North Eastern Beishan and Anbei oil fields as one of the major objectives in his vision of the nation citing the 1928 Convention of Jiankang.

Guurdalai launched a full-scale invasion Kodeshia on 30 October 1949. The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the central oil fields of the plains, Malipo and Zhuji, with the ultimate goal of ending the 1949 campaign near the Dazhong-Guangshen line, from the Tethys Sea to the Great Kesh Dividing range connecting into central Alvakalia. Suudriin's objectives were to eliminate Kodeshia as a military power, exterminate its native people, and restore the lost territories from the Grand Campaigns and guarantee access to the strategic oil resources needed to defeat Guurdalai's remaining rivals. The war took a heavy death toll on the Kodeshi but forced Guurdalai and its allies to sign an Armistice, after Tiperyn dropped an atomic bomb over Wujin, killing over 100,000 people. This was the first nuclear attack in history.

The war left Kodeshia devastated, with the total death toll standing at between around 38-40 million Kodeshi deaths (estimates vary) making it perhaps the deadliest conflict of the era and had devastated the Kodeshi economy in the struggle. In addition, thousands of major cities, towns and settlements were destroyed by the war. Liberated occupied territories suffered from the ravages of Ündserkheg occupation and deportations of slave labor by Guurdalai. The perceived failures of the government led to backlash and decline in popularity of Guo Guotai and maybe royalist and democratic partisans who had supported the war efforts now erupted into mass demonstrations, leading to a violent government crackdown. This ultimately led to the a 1964 coup in which he and Guo was poisoned by royalist factions supported by Beifang.

Empire of Kodeshia (since 1964)
In 1964, The new Emperor Xuanyi was restored as Emperor of Kodeshia, with full support from Beifang where his father Emperor Qinghuiguo had fled to during the civil war. It was hoped that the restoration of the imperial system would give stability and open a pathway towards democracy. But several resistance movements that ranged from guoist loyalist to communist ideologies. These militant resistance groups used the favourable Kodeshi landscape for guerrilla operations as Imperial forces and their allies were in control only of the main cities, towns and connecting roads, leaving the mountainous countryside and dense rain forests to the resistance. The Yindong Crises further hurt the countries ability to recover from the devastating Kesh war and growing insurgency. But the renewed celebration and joy of the Imperial restoration did much to improve the public mood which following the nuclear bombing and loss of territory during the Great Kesh war. The stability established following the restoration was shaken on 5 July 1968 by the assassination of Emperor Xuanyi just four years into his reign by rebel forces.

Mengqi succeeded to the thrones in 1968 following the death of Emperor Xuanyi. In recent years, reconstruction efforts have progressed and after the insurgency was defeated generally considered to be the end of major fighting since 1987. This has led to some political stability through a limited multiparty democracy under a semi-constitutional monarchy. Emperor Mengqi has overseen the rapid rebound and rise of the economy and emergence of regional unity with the foundation of Kesh-Tethys Economic Cooperation regional inter government organisation of which Kodeshia was a founding member and plays a leading role. Despite long standing tensions with Selengeria relations have seen a reduction in clashes that followed the end of the Great Kesh War and beginning of the insurgency.

Government


The political system of the Empire of Kodeshia take place within the framework of the nation's constitution of 1964 Constitution. The government is a constitutional monarchy operated as a parliamentary representative democracy.

There are two major political groups that usually form a government, federally and in the provinces: the United Progressive Front (UPF) and the National Conservative Alliance (NCA). Within Kodeshian political culture, the NCA is considered and the UPF is considered. Independent members and several minor parties have achieved some limited representation in Kodeshi National Representative Assembly. Officially a multiparty democracy, in reality "the country remains a one-party state dominated by the Kodeshi National Conservative Alliance and President Zhao Changfu, since 1995. Kodeshia's government has been described by the some commentators, as a "relatively authoritarian coalition via a superficial democracy". Since crackdowns on political dissent and free press, Kodeshia has been described as a de facto one-party state. But the state vehemently denies and suppresses these claims.

Emperor
The Emperor is responsible for delineation and supervision of the policies of the Empire of Kodeshia. The Kodeshi president has limited power compared to the Emperor. The current longtime Emperor, Mengqi, has been issuing decrees and making the final decisions on the economy, environment, foreign policy, education, national plannings, and everything else in the country. Mengqi also outlines elections guidelines and urges for the transparency, and has fired and reinstated presidential cabinet appointments. Key ministers are selected with the Emperor Mengqi's agreement and he has the ultimate say on Kodeshia's foreign policy. The president-elect is required to gain the Emperor Mengqi's official approval before being sworn in before the National Representative Assembly. Through this process, the Leader agrees to the outcome of the presidential election. The Emperor is directly involved in ministerial appointments for Defence, Intelligence and Foreign Affairs, as well as other top ministries after submission of candidates from the president. Kodeshia's regional policy is directly controlled by the office of the Emperor alongside the Ministry of Foreign Affairs'. The budget bill for every year, as well as withdrawing money from the National Development Fund of Kodeshia, require Emperor's express approval and permission. The Emperor can and does order laws to be amended.

The Emperor is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations, and has sole power to declare war or peace. The heads of the judiciary, the state radio and television networks, the commanders of the police and military forces, and six of the twelve members of the Imperial Council are directly appointed by the Emperor.

The Imperial Council
Presidential candidates and parliamentary candidates must be approved by the Imperial Council (all members of which are directly or indirectly appointed by the Emperor) or the Emperor before running, in order to ensure their allegiance to the Empire. The Emperor very rarely does the vetting himself directly, but has the power to do so, in which case additional approval of the Imperial Council would not be needed. The Emperor can also revert the decisions of the Imperial Council. The Imperial Council can, and has dismissed some elected members of the National Representative Assembly in the past. For example, Zhuan Fen was disqualified by Imperial Council even after winning election, as he had been photographed in a meeting with Selengeria officials.

President
After the Emperor, the Constitution defines the President of Kodeshia as the highest state authority. However, the president is still required to gain the Emperor's official approval before being sworn in before the National Representative Assembly. The of Kodeshia is the President of the Republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Although his executive powers are somewhat limited, the president does have veto power over government's legislation. Following elections, the president appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the Premier of the Cabinet of Kodeshia. As head of government, the premier presides over the cabinet. Zhao Changfu is the current President and Liao Dengjie is the Premier of the Cabinet of Kodeshia.

Legislature
The legislature of Kodeshia, known as the National Representative Assembly, is a unicameral body comprising 330 members elected by for five-year terms, fifteen representatives from each province. It drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the national budget. All parliamentary candidates and all legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Imperial Council. Voting is for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in every jurisdiction as is enrolment.

The Imperial Council comprises twelve jurists, including six appointed by the Emperor. Others are elected by the Parliament, from among the jurists nominated by the Head of the Judiciary. The Council interprets the constitution and may veto the Parliament. If a law is deemed incompatible with the constitution, it is referred back to the Parliament for revision. Local city councils are elected by public vote to five-year terms in all cities, towns and villages of Kodeshia.

Law
The Emperor appoints the head of the country's judiciary, who in turn appoints the head of the Supreme Court and the chief public prosecutor. There are several types of courts, including public courts that deal with civil and criminal cases, and revolutionary courts which deal with certain categories of offences, such as crimes against national security. The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed.

Administrative divisions
Kodeshia has several levels of subdivisions. The first level is that of the provinces, Kodeshia is divided into 22 subnational divisions, each with a self-governing body led by an elected leader and a legislative body with elected members. Duties of local governments include social services, education, urban planning, public construction, water management, environmental protection, transport, public safety, and more. The 22 provinces are — Anbei, Xiabei, Zhongbin, Nanbin, Yu'an, Shizhou, Dazhong, Tianlin, Dachuan, Yueshan, Guangshui, Yanhe, Linshan, Xuemai, Changbei, Beihai, Beifu, Guangshen, Guanggu, Haigao, Xibei, and Hongfu.

The second level is that of the special municipalities, counties, and cities. led by regents and mayors respectively and a legislature. The third level is that of the districts, and the fourth is of the villages. Special municipalities and cities are further divided into districts for local administration. Counties are further divided into townships and county-administered cities which have elected mayors and councils, and share duties with the county. Some divisions are indigenous divisions which have different degrees of autonomy to standard ones. In addition, districts, cities and townships are further divided into villages and neighbourhoods.

The village is the lowest level of government administration. It is divided into several community groups which are further divided into neighbourhood groups. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life and handles matters of a village or neighbourhood through an elected village chief.

Foreign relations
The foreign relations of Kodeshia are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under Zhou Wenhua and her deputy Dai Jiechi. Kodeshia participates fully in international and regional organisations it is a member of the Unaligned Nations Consortium and an observer of the Pan-Artemian Coalition. Kodeshia has developed increasingly close ties with Alvakalia, Beifang, Akiteiwa, Qingcheng, and Tonkina, whose foreign and economic ministers hold annual meetings.

Kodeshia has established diplomatic relations with numerous countries; the government reports many embassies in the country including many of its neighbours including Alvakalia, Beifang, Akiteiwa, Qingcheng, and Tonkina. As a result of its international relations, various charitable organisations have assisted with social, economic, and civil infrastructure needs.

While the violent ruptures of the 1960s and 1980s have passed, several border disputes between Kodeshia and its neighbours persist. Kodeshia and Selengeria have had difficult relations since ancient times, but also significant cultural exchange, with Selengeria acting as the gateway between Kodeshia and Akiteiwa. Contemporary perceptions of Selengeria are still largely defined by the Great Kesh War, with longstanding animosity following the conflict. Selengeria and Kodeshia are still technically at war (having never signed a peace treaty after the Great Kesh War) and share the world's most heavily fortified border. The war remains the major point of contention between Kodeshia and Selengeria; many border disputes over claimed territories between both sides remain. Most of the territory belongs to Kodeshia, but a combination of Selengeria disrespecting international law, Selengerian troop build up in the area have left the situation unsettled since the end of the Great Kesh War.

Due partly to difficulties in relations with its geopolitical rival Selengeria, Kodeshia maintains close political relations with Modrovia and Beifang, and both countries have been a focal point in Kodeshia's foreign policy. Kodeshia's has close economic and military relations with Modrovia and Beifang; part of the Kodeshia-Beifang-Modrovia security alliance acts as the cornerstone of the nation's foreign policy. Modrovia is a major market for Kodeshi exports and the primary source of Kodeshi imports, and is committed to defending the country, having military bases in Kodeshia for partially that purpose. Kodeshia is a founding member of Kesh-Tethys Economic Cooperation and signatory to the KTEC Visa Exemption Scheme, Unaligned Nations Consortium, and an observer member of Pan-Artemian Coalition. Kodeshia has been a humanitarian and development aid recipient since 1959 and recently, the country has expressed interest in becoming an aid donor.

Territorial disputes
Ever since end of the Grand Campaigns, disputes of control of the exact line of control and demarcation of the border territory between Selengeria and Kodeshia has been a major territorial dispute that has hindered relations between Selengeria and Kodeshia. The two nations fought a large scale conventional war over control of the region. The end of the war saw loss of control over the territory for Kodeshia during the armistice agreement but without a peace treaty in which the conflicts battle lines remain frozen. A state of war technically still exists between both countries with the Kodeshi–Selengerian Demilitarized Zone (KSDZ) with Selengeria remains the most heavily fortified border in the world. Since the 1970s, both nations have held informal diplomatic dialogues in order to ease military tensions. Despite this occasional border clashes and skirmishes remain common.

In addition to Selengeria, Kodeshia is also involved in other international territorial disputes. Including an undefined border with Asharistan and previously had a long standing border with Alvakalia over territorial claims and treaties made during the Great Kesh War however after a decade of talks and diplomatic dialogues agreements were reached over the border regions.

Mlitary
The Imperial Kodeshi Army (IKA), Imperial Kodeshi Navy (IKN), Imperial Kodeshi Air Force (IKAF) and Imperial Kodeshi Gendarmerie (IKG) collectively form the Imperial Armed Forces of Kodeshia (IAFK), under the command of the Imperial Ministry of Defence, presided over by the President of Kodeshia. His Majesty the Emperor Mengqi is the Supreme Commander of the Imperial Armed Forces of Kodeshia (IAFK), and the country's President Zhao Changfu effectively holds the position of commander-in-chief. It also incorporates various paramilitary forces.

The Imperial Kodeshi Gendarmerie is responsible for the maintenance of public order and internal security in Kodeshia. It's civil duties include providing security and public peace, to investigate and prevent organised crime, terrorism and other violent groups; to protect state and private property; to help and assist civilians and other emergency forces in a case of emergency, natural disaster, civil unrest and armed conflicts.

As of 2018, the military comprised over one million active duty personnel. Additionally, there are over 3 million reservists, with the total number of reserve troops possibly being as high as 20 million. Most Kodeshis are drafted into the military at the age of 18. Men serve two years and women one year. Following mandatory service, Kodeshi men join the reserve forces and usually do up to several weeks of reserve duty every year until their forties. Most women are exempt from reserve duty.

They have the stated responsibility for the preservation of the integrity and national sovereignty of the national territory. In 2018, Kodeshia's military expenditure totalled approximately $83 billion, equivalent to around 5.3% of its total GDP (nominal). Joint military exercises and war games have been held with Akiteiwa, Beifang, Modrovia and Poja.

Geography
Kodeshia is located in North Eastern Kesh, bordered to the northwest by Asharistan, to the north by Alvakalia, to the northeast by Beifang, to the east by Selengeria, to the southwest by Qingcheng, to the southeast by Akiteiwa and Shimakawa (across the Pearl Sea). The country lies along the Equator, lying between the latitudes 18°N and 9°S, and longitudes 63°E and 84°E.

The size of Kodeshia, 2,001,775 square kilometres (772,889 sq mi), it is the largest country in Kesh by area. Kodeshia's topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. The landscapes vary significantly across its territory, as a result of its equatorial location, Kodeshia experiences high precipitation and has one of the highest frequency of thunderstorms in the world. The annual rainfall can total upwards of 2,000 millimetres (80 in) in some places, and the area sustains the Kodeshi rainforests, among the largest rain forests in the world. This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central basin of the river, which slopes toward the Tethys Ocean in the east. This area is surrounded by plateaus merging into savannas in the northeast, while the southwest is dominated by hills and low mountain ranges and in the far north the high, glaciated mountains major mountain ranges, most notably the Great Kesh Dividing range dominate the landscape. At 7,523 metres (24,681 ft), White Mountain is Kodeshi's highest peak, it lies on the Kodeshi-Alvak border. Qingse Lake in Gaodi is the largest lake, with an area of X km2 (X sq mi). Mountains) are found in the extreme eastern region.

The tropical climate also produced the Longbei River system which dominates the region topographically along with the rainforest it flows through, though they are not mutually exclusive. The river basin (meaning the Longbei River and all of its myriad tributaries) occupies nearly the entire country. The river and its tributaries form the backbone of Kodeshi economics and transportation and have done so for centuries. Major tributaries include the Yin, Taiyi, Changnan, Siba, Kayue, and Longshan. The sources of the Longbei are in the Great Kesh Mountains that flank the centre of the continent. The river also has the one of the largest flow and watersheds of any river in the world.

Climate
Kodeshia lies along the equator, and its climate tends to be relatively even year-round. Kodeshia has two seasons—a wet season and a dry season—with no extremes of summer or winter for much of the country. For most of Kodeshia, the dry season falls between May and October with the wet season between November and April. Kodeshia's climate is almost entirely tropical, dominated by the tropical rainforest climate while more cooling climate types do exist in mountainous regions that are 1,300 to 1,500 metres (4,300 to 4,900 feet) above sea level. The oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) prevails in highland areas adjacent to rainforest climates, with reasonably uniform precipitation year-round. In highland areas near the tropical monsoon and tropical savanna climates, the subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) is prevalent with a more pronounced dry season

The climate of Kodeshia comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical. Climate in south Kodeshia is generally hotter than north Kodeshia. According to the Köppen system, Kodeshi hosts six major climatic subtypes: alpine tundra, arid cold steppe, equatorial, tropical, oceanic and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the south, to the tropical savannas in central Kodeshia to the alpine tundra and glaciers in the north. Many regions have starkly different microclimates, making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world.

An equatorial climate characterises much of southeast and coastal Kodeshia. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls. Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F), with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons. Over central Kodeshia rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate. This region is as extensive as the Longbei basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude. In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme.

Biodiversity
Kodeshia is a, a term employed countries which display high biological diversity and contain many species exclusively indigenous, or endemic, to them. Kodeshia's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the rainforests, recognized as having among the greatest biological diversity in the world. Including many rare and endemic species, such as the carnivores, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, and s, and s.

Herbivores like the s,, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s, s and s. Larger species like the s, s, s, the , the , and the s.

The variety of types of birds is vast as well, notably the, , , and include birds ranging from brightly colored s, s, and s to s, s, s, s, s, s, s, and s.

Kodeshia is also home to many dangerous animals including some of the most dangerous snakes, including the, , , , , , ,. Dangerous s include the, , and dangerous s include the  and the.

The forests of Kodeshi can be divided into two main categories: and. Monsoon forest is dry at least three months a year, and is dominated by trees. Kodeshia's monsoon forest ecoregions are the Rainforest has a rainy season of at least nine months, and are dominated by. In the region north of the, in the , broadleaf evergreen dominates to an elevation of 2000m, and from 2000m to 3000m,  broadleaf dominates, and above 3000m, evergreen s and   are the primary fauna until the. There are also, and. The is among the most biologically diverse  in the world.

The area from Yanhe to Beihai regions rea mostly monsoon forest, while coastal regions are primarily rainforest. Along the coasts occur in, s, s, and s. These forests are host to the much-depleted  habitat of  and other trees that grow in mud and are resistant to. Forests along the beaches consist of, , s, and other trees resistant to storms.However the insurgency, pollution and habitat loss have endangered much of this biodiversity.

Wildlife in Kodeshia share habitat with and bear acute pressure from largest population of Homo sapiens. Hundreds of animal species are threatened, vulnerable or in danger of local extinction in Kodeshia, due mainly to human activity such as habitat destruction, pollution and poaching for food, fur and ingredients for traditional medicine. Endangered wildlife is protected by law, and as of 2005, the country has setup a large number of nature reserves. Due to their special status and association with Imperials houses of Kesh the Rykveterdraak, Veterdraak, and Imperial water dragons were given especially strict and expansive protection and number of special reserves have been created just for these creatures.

Environment
Kodeshia's large and growing population and rapid industrialisation present serious environmental issues. They are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance. Problems include the large-scale illegal destruction and deforestation within the country that has resulted haze—over-exploitation of marine resources, air pollution, garbage management, and reliable water and wastewater services. These issues contribute to Kodeshia's poor ranking in the environmental rankings. The environmental degradation also includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries on a large scale and many endangered and endemic species are now threatened with extinction due to loss of habitats. There are many reasons for the deforestation in Kodeshia, which range from opportunistic illegal loggings to large scale clearings from big construction projects and agricultural activities.



The environmental areas where Kodeshia performs worst are air quality, water resource management and health impacts of environmental issues, with the areas of sanitation, environmental impacts of fisheries and forest management following closely. Kodeshia performs best when it comes to handling the nitrogen balance in the agricultural industry specifically, an area where Kodeshia excels and are among the best in the world. In addition, Kodeshia has an unusually large area of wildlife protections, both on land and at sea, with the land-based protections covering about 20% of the country. Many of Kodeshia's ecoregions and the species within those regions are threatened by human activities and introduced animal, chromistan, fungal and plant species. All these factors have led to Kodeshia having the highest mammal extinction rate of any country in the world. The government has tried to protect threatened species, as a result, there are numerous protected areas have been created under the National Conservation of Program to protect and preserve unique ecosystems.

Protection of the environment is a major political issue in Kodeshia. Water restrictions are frequently in place in many regions and cities of Kodeshia in response to chronic shortages due to urban population increases and pollution. Throughout much of the continent, major flooding regularly occurrence, flushing out inland river systems, overflowing dams and inundating large inland flood plains. Environmental degradation also includes national parks and wildlife sanctuaries on a large scale and many endangered and endemic species are now threatened with extinction due to loss of habitats. There are many reasons for the deforestation in Kodeshia, which range from opportunistic illegal loggings to large scale clearings from big construction projects and agricultural activities. Plans for hydroelectric development in the Greater Longbei Subregion, in particular, pose a real danger to the food supply of the region. Upstream dams will imperil the fish stocks that provide the vast majority of Kodeshia's protein and could also denude the Longbei River of the silt needed for its rice basket.

But one of the main environmental concern that persists in Kodeshia today is the legacy of the use of the chemical herbicide, which continues to cause birth defects and many health problems in the Kodeshi population. In the south eastern areas affected most by the chemical's use during the Great Kesh War, nearly 5 million Kodeshi people have been exposed to it and suffered from its effects. In 2000, approximately 50 years after the war, KTEC led effort began an international clean-up project for nations effected by the Kesh War. The Kodeshi government spends millions in monthly allowances and the physical rehabilitation of victims of the chemicals. One of the long-term plans to restore south eastern Kodeshi's damaged ecosystems is through the use of reforestation efforts. The Kodeshi government began doing this at the end of the war. It started by replanting mangrove forests in the Taiyi river regions and outside Jiankang, where mangroves are important to ease (though not eliminate) flood conditions during monsoon seasons.

Apart from herbicide problems, arsenic in the ground water in the Longbei and Sliver River Deltas has also become a major concern. And most notoriously, unexploded ordnances (UXO) pose dangers to humans and wildlife—another bitter legacy from the long wars. As part of the continuous campaign to demine/remove UXOs, several international bomb removal agencies from around the world have been providing assistance. The Kodeshi government spends millions annually on demining operations and additional hundreds of millions more for treatment, assistance, rehabilitation, vocational training and resettlement of the victims of UXOs.

However these efforts have struggled around the heavily militarised disputed border between Kodeshia and Selengeria. The Kodeshi–Selengerian Demilitarized Zone (KSDZ) stretches along the vast eastern borders of Kodeshia. But this natural isolation along the length of the KSDZ has created an involuntary park which is now recognized as one of the most well-preserved areas of tropical rain-forests in the world. In 1968 it was first proposed that the KSDZ be turned into a national park. Several endangered animal and plant species now exist among the heavily fortified fences, landmines and listening posts. These include the endangered rykveterdraak, veterdraak, and imperial water dragons. Ecologists have identified some hundreds of plant species, mammals and birds within the narrow buffer zone. Additional surveys are now being conducted throughout the region. The KSDZ owes its varied biodiversity to its geography, which crosses mountains, tropical rain-forests, savannas, swamps, lakes, and tidal marshes. Environmentalists hope that the KSDZ will be conserved as a wildlife refuge, with a well-developed set of objective and management plans vetted and in place.

Economy
Economists estimate that Kodeshia was part of the wealthiest region of the world throughout the first millennium CE, with the largest economy by GDP. This advantage was lost in the 18th century as other regions such as Beifang and Artemia edged forward. Kodeshia is considered a developing country. As of 2019, the Kodeshi economy is the world's 8th largest economy by GDP PPP and 4th in terms of GDP nominal within KTEC, estimated to be $1.761 trillion and $4.343 trillion respectively. Per capita GDP in PPP is US$8,687, while nominal per capita GDP is US$3,523. Its 2019 GDP growth rate of 5.7%, Kodeshia is one of the world's fastest-growing economies. Kodeshia has suffered from decades of stagnation, mismanagement, social instability, conflict and underproduction. The economy has traditionally been fueled by exporting commodities rather than manufacturing which dates back to the Imperial rule and exports of the natural resources. The lack of an educated workforce skilled in modern technology hinders Kodeshia's economy, although recent reforms and developments carried out by the new government, in collaboration with foreign countries and organisations, aim to make this a thing of the past. The informal economy's share in Kodeshia is one of the biggest in the world and is closely linked to corruption, smuggling and illegal trade activities. Kodeshia lacks adequate infrastructure. Goods travel primarily across the Qingcheng border (where most illegal drugs are exported). Railways are old and rudimentary, with few repairs since their construction in the late 19th century. Highways are normally unpaved, except in the major cities.

Throughout the history of Kodeshia, its economy has been based largely on agriculture—primarily wet rice cultivation. Bauxite, an important material in the production of aluminium, is mined in central Kodeshia. The growth of Kodeshia's manufacturing, mining, and service sector has transformed the nations from a largely rural economy to an urbanised industrial one. Today the major industrial sectors are agriculture, mining followed by the service sectors than steel and manufacturing. The public sector still makes up the bulk of the market despite economic liberalisation policies. During Grand Campaigns brought changes in the public and private sectors, most notably in the area of public works, which enabled rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the peninsula. The XXXns also improved public education and made it compulsory for all residents of Kodeshians. The XXX period led to a harsh decline in economic growth as conflict gripped the nation. This was followed by a successful post-independence boom as XXXn industries began to reinvest in the economy.

Today Kodeshia has a dynamic, capitalist, export-driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are being privatised. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialisation. Kodeshia has moved towards a consistent liberalisation and privatisation of many state-owned companies and liberal laws on establishing new firms have encouraged the development of the private business sector, along with a shift of exports from countries.

Energy
Kodeshia is rich in energy resources. Most of Kodeshia's power is generated by either hydropower or fossil fuel power such as coal, oil and gas, while diesel, small hydropower and renewable energy supplies the balance. The establishment of a mining industry continued the high level of economic growth in the post-independence period. The opportunities for large profits in land and mining attracted considerable amounts of Tutinan capital while expansion generally was supported by enormous government outlays for transport, communication and urban infrastructures, which also depended heavily on XXXn finance. As the economy expanded, large-scale immigration became necessary to satisfy the growing demand for workers. Kodeshia's mining operations secured continued economic growth and Eastern Kodeshia itself has benefited strongly from mining iron-ore, gold and later uranium.

Transport
Transport is a key component of the nation's economy. But ground transport in the Kodeshia has always been difficult. The terrain and climate of the Longbei Basin present serious barriers to road and rail construction, and the distances are enormous across this vast country. The current transport infrastructure is rudimentary at the best of times, was severely damaged in the chaos that engulfed the nation during the Grand Campaigns, civil war, Great Kesh War and long internal insurgency. The country's weak transport infrastructure seriously hinders the economic output of the nation. But things are improving rapidly in terms of both quantity and quality. Roadblocks often serve little other purpose than to allow police and gendarmes to collect bribes from travellers. Road banditry has long hampered transport along the less developed north-western interior borders. Chronic economic mismanagement, political corruption and internal conflicts have led to long-term under-investment of infrastructure.

A wide variety of vehicles are used for transportation on Kodeshia's roads. Bus services are available in most areas connected to the road network. Between major cities, services are frequent and direct; many services are available with no stops until the final destination. In more remote areas, and between smaller towns, most services are provided with share taxis often operating without licenses or any type of authorisation. Buses and vans are also the primary form of transportation within cities. Except for the several relatively good roads which provide essential corridors of transportation connecting major cities roads are poorly maintained and subject to inclement weather, since less than half of the roads and highways are hard surfaced, all-weather with the rest unpaved consisting of crushed stone, gravel, or compacted earth or unimproved earth or were little more than tracks.

In the late-1980s, Kodeshia's road network was both underutilized and unable to meet even the modest demands placed upon it by a preindustrial agrarian society. Commercial vehicles, such as trucks and buses, were insufficient in number and lacked the spare parts necessary to keep them running. Road construction and maintenance were ignored by a financially hard-pressed governments, while insurgents regularly destroyed bridges and rendered some routes unsafe for travel. But the government has undergone a massive expansion of the road networks since the late 1990s. Due to the increasing purchasing power of Kodeshis, private cars are becoming more common especially in major cities. However the growth of the number of cars increasingly outpaces the construction of new roads, resulting in frequently crippling traffic jams in large parts in major cities especially in Chenghai, which often also happen on highways. Chenghai also has one of the worst traffic jams in the world. This is impacting the quality of life for inhabitants of the metropolitan area, the nation's largest. Many government and public-transport agencies drafted policies, undertook projects and implemented programmes to solve the problem. With more than hundreds of vehicles in Kodeshia and the country's population and infrastructure, traffic congestion wastes fuel and time and makes travel difficult. It also makes existing public transport inefficient, adding unsafe levels of noise and air pollution. Noise and pollution are stressful, and lead to medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and hypertension. The poorly maintained road network is also considered to be a factor in the nations high rate of road fatalities, complicated by the rainy season and poor equipment which pose challenges to road maintenance.

Railway transport in Kodeshia was once the dominant mode of transportation until the mid-twentieth century. The quality of the railway infrastructure is generally poor. The tracks are in poor condition, and are not passable during the monsoon season. The speed of freight trains is heavily restricted on all existing links as a consequence of poor track and bridge conditions. Mass transportation is generally more well developed in the major cities but is still quite undeveloped in rural areas. Still rail is as an important method of mass transport in Kodeshia, and many districts are connected by rail and Kodeshia's rail network is among the busiest in the world. Aviation in Kodeshia is broadly divided into military and civil aviation which is one of the fastest-growing aviation market in the world. Chenghai International Airport, located in the vicinity of Chenghai, is the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic and connecting Chenghai with virtually all major cities across the region. Kodesia Airlines (KAL) is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. Water transport has historically been very important. The nation's extensive inland waterways were important historically in domestic trade. Kodeshia has more navigable rivers and moves more passengers and goods by boat and ferry than nearly any other country in Kesh. The ferries are often overloaded and continue to operate in poor weather; many people die each year in ferry and launch accidents. In some areas, especially along the upper Longbei River, villages are completely dependent on waterways for communications. Launches, junks, or barges transport passengers, rice, and other food in the absence of roads and railways.

Demographics
For generations, the vast majority of immigrants came from XXXX, and the people of Kodeshia are still mainly of XXXan ethnic origin. Kodeshia's population has quadrupled since the 1930s much of this increase from immigration. Following the [XXXX War]] and through to 2000, millions settled in the country as new immigrants. Most immigrants are skilled, but the immigration quota includes categories for family members and refugees.

Language
has always been entrenched as the national language. is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon. However there are up to 150 living languages spoken within various regions and provinces. Standard Guoyu, a variety of based on the Songhari dialect, is the official national language of Kodeshia and is used as a lingua franca in the country between people of different linguistic backgrounds.

Religion
Kodeshia has no ; the Constitution prohibits the government from making any law to establish any religion, impose any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise of any religion. In the 2010 census, 62.2% of Kodesians population reported as following local folk religions like Taoism, Wuism, Moism, Bimoism and others or were irreligious or non-practising; 32.7% of the population identify as followers of Buddhism, followed by 3.5% as Muslim, making Islam the third-largest religion in the country. However, the National Commission of Muslim Kodeshians (NCMK) disputes this and claims the adherence of about 5.8% of the total population. Most Muslim Kodeshians practice Shia Islam according to although are a minority of Sunni Muslims in the country. This was followed by Christanity with 0.8% of the population, Zoroastrians with 0.4% of the population and Other religions which 0.3% of the population followed. The remaining 0.2% of the population did not provide an adequate answer.

Folk or popular religion, the most widespread system of beliefs and practices, has evolved and adapted since at least the second millennium BCE. Taoism is the most popular and widely accepted domestic religion. These folk beliefs placed a heavy emphasis on belonging to the land. The with a collection of oral stories that were passed down from person to person contained and shaped native customs and practises. Native art, story and dance continue to draw on these spiritual traditions.

Since the arrival of Zoroastrian, Buddhism, and later Islam and Christianity these religions have grown to influence the nation. While Buddhism and Islam have become dominant religions backed by many historical states that occupied areas of current day Kodeshia. There is a substantial and vocal Islamic population particularly within Xibei, Yueshan, Shahai and Shizhou provinces.

Education
School attendance, or registration for homeschooling, is compulsory throughout Kodeshia. Education is the responsibility of the individual provinces so the rules vary between states, but in general, children are required to attend school from the age of about 5 up until about 16. Kodeshia has an adult literacy rate that was estimated to be around 99%.

Health
The Kodeshia Constitution guarantees free, universal health care for all its citizens. As of 2010, the average life expectancy in Kodeshia was among the highest in the region with an average 79 years, 76 years for males and 82 years for females. The government health insurance programme maintains compulsory insurance for citizens who are employed, impoverished, unemployed, or victims of natural disasters with fees that correlate to the individual and/or family income; it also maintains protection for non-citizens working in Kodesia. A standardised method of calculation applies to all persons and can optionally be paid by an employer or by individual contributions

Culture
Since contact with the XXX, the basis of Kodeshian culture has been strongly influenced by XXXn. Distinctive cultural features have also arisen from Kodeshia's natural environment and Indigenous cultures. Since the end of the XXXX War Kodeshia's culture has also received influence from its neighbouring countries. A great deal of important and historic archaeological ruins, gold and silver ornaments, stone monuments, ceramics, and weavings remain from several important ancient contact cultural artefacts can be located throughout the nation. Major ruins throughout the western regions of the nation. The country abounds in other sites that are difficult to reach and have seen little archaeological exploration.

Arts
The rock art of Kodeshian's Indigenous peoples is the oldest and richest in the world, dating as far back as 60,000 years and spread across hundreds of thousands of sites. Traditional designs, patterns and have become iconic symbols for contemporary national Kodeshian image and influential in the global art media scene.

Media
Kodeshia has two public broadcasters (the Kodeshian Broadcasting Corporation and the multicultural National Kodeshian Broadcasting Service), several commercial television networks, several pay-TV services, and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations. Each major city has at least one daily newspaper, and there are two national daily newspapers, The Wadpi Daily and The Kodeshia Journal. The country ranks relatively highly in press freedom but suffers from a limited diversity of commercial media ownership.

Cuisine
Most Indigenous Kodesian tribal groups subsisted on a simple hunter-gatherer diet of native fauna and flora, otherwise called bush tucker. The first settlers introduced XXX cuisine to the continent, much of which is now considered typical Kodeshian food. Multicultural immigration transformed Kodeshian cuisine; post-Second Great War migrants, helped to build a thriving fusion food culture with diverse influences of different cultures has led to unique Kodesian variants of their staple foods. Kodesian cuisine is largely based on XXX stables such as, s, , vegetables, fish and meats. One major difference from XXX cuisine standards is the greater use of meat in meals, largely due to the nation's vast livestock resources.

Following XXXn traditionals most meals make heavy use of seasonings with, ' (된장), a type of , , salt, garlic, ginger, and ' (고추장), a hot pepper paste.

Despite the country's vast size cuisine is greatly quite heterogeneous due to the fairly small population, although due to difference climate and location ingredients can differ between regions. Regions in the northern subtropical zones generally have a greater focus on spicier dishes with the greater use of chilli peppers, along with greater use of seafood in dishes. In the southern regions, dishes are often milder with a greater use of beef, sheep, pork and horse meats along with more soups and stew dishes.

Sport and recreation
The majority of Kodeshians live within the coastal zone, making the beach a popular recreation spot and an integral part of the nation's identity. As a result Kodeshia is very competitive with water-based sports, such as swimming and surfing. Nationally, the following sports are popular in Kodeshia, , , , , , , and. Physical fitness is widely emphasised in Kodeshian culture, with morning exercises such as which widely practised and commercial gyms and fitness clubs have started gaining popularity in the country.