Naga

Naga, officially the Lakanate of Naga is a sovereign state located in Southern Kesh. It has an area of 394,131 square kilometers (163,774 sq mi) with a population of 81 million people, making Naga the 56th largest and TBDth most populous country in the world. Naga is a constitutional monarchy, in which the Lakan (or Bini, a female lakan) is the head of state while the Pinuno is the head of government. The capital and largest city of the country is Dayangdangan.

The ancient Naganese tribes are the original inhabitants in the country and most of them are related to the Austronesian people groups from present-day South Kesh. Naga at that time was divided into five lakanates namely, the Lakanate of Liway, Lakanate of Namay, Lakanate of Butuhan, Lakanate of Linaw, and Lakanate of Inawe. The tensions between the kingdoms began in 14th century when Lakan Dayo of Namay attempted to invade the four neighboring kingdom but the Namaynan army lost after the five-year First Battle of Dayangdangan. Lakan Dayo died in 1565 and his son, Lakan Bughaw became the lakan of Namay. He successfully invaded the kingdoms of Inawe and Liway after the two kingdoms lost the Second Battle of Dayangdangan and Lakan Bughaw formed the Namaynan Empire. It was the time that the the slavery began across the empire. When Lakan Bangis of Butuhan died in 1570, the lakan had no successor because he was unmarried and Butuhanon people decided to unified with the lakanate of Linaw. Bini Bituhin accepted the Butuhanon people as a citizen of Linaw and the people of the unified Linaw did not experience slavery. The Namaynan Empire abolished slavery in 1688 when Bini Ganda, the grandniece of Lakan Bughaw became a bini after she killed his father, Lakan Binag, for attempting to rape her. Bini Mayang, the great-granddaughter of Bini Bituhin of Linaw and Lakaman Buhat, the son of Bini Ganda married in 1692 and the biagan himself became the lakaman (king consort) of Namay. Bini Ganda died in 1714 and the Namaynan Empire unified with the lakanate of Linaw to form the present-day Lakanate of Naga.

Naga experienced rapid growth of population in 1893 when the Cagayano people migrated from Cagayan to Naga due to a major revolt. Lakan Rama made the Cagayano immigrants citizens. Aside of Cagayan, there are also immigrants from present-day Heiban, South Kesh, Ramay, and Prabhat, all of the people from these four present-day countries became Naganese citizens. The Naganese Civil War was happened from 1928 to 1931 when the Monarchists and Republicans fought due to the disunity of the country. The Republicans won the three-year war and the Magatist Republic of Naga was established under the leadership of Dulang Magat. Lakan Inu abdicated the throne and he and his family went to Heiban in-exile. During the Republican period, numerous mass killings and genocides happened in many parts of the country. The republic collapsed in 1942 after the Naganese Revolution and Lakan Inu became the lakan of Naga again until his death in 1949. In mid-1960's the communist insurgency happened in southern part of Naga and it resulted in the establishment of People's Republic of Naga in 1965. The communists had almost overthrown Lakan Puti and Pinuno Lapu Plaridel but Plaridel declared martial law to decrease the communism in the country. The Purple Revolution happened in communist South Naga in 1991 and the civilians had successfully overthrew the communist government. The region of South Naga was unified in the Lakanate of Naga after the revolution.

Naga is divided into twelve federal barangays and each barangays are divided into puroks. Each barangays is ruled by the Datu, the ceremonial head of state of the barangays and the Gahum is the chief minister or the head of government of the barangays. The country has a tricameral legislature called the Sanggunihan. Kataasan is the upper house, while Gitnahan is the middle house, and Paubos is the lower house.

Etymology
The country's current name, Naga is originated from the name of the god of all gods of the same name in Nagaism. Naga is a genderless god and it was believed that they created Anterra before humans existed in the planet. Other local names of the country are Nadya (Tikwa) and Naaga (Danang). From 1965 to 1991, the Lakanate of Naga was known internationally as the Royal Naga on its shortname while the People's Republic of Naga is known as South Naga. After the Purple Revolution of 1991, the Royal Naga and South Naga had unified again and it renamed its shortname back to Naga.

Prehistory
Archeologists suggests that the homo sapiens in the country are living in the country in 28,100 BCE and it is estimated that modern human habitation in northern and eastern Naga dates back to around 14,200 BCE. The first inhabitants have migrated into Naga from eastern Kesh and they rely on hunting and gathering in the forest. Some of them are living in the caves such as in Talon Cave in Bontokan where the archeologists discover the skeleton of ancient humans. The ancient humans in western Naga had learned fishing to have their own source of food so that they can survive. The humans have learned to cultivate plants and domesticate animals in 5,500 BCE especially in central and eastern Naga.

Climate
Naga's territory has 4 climates according to the Köppen climate classification: Tropical Savanna (Aw), Hot Semi-Arid (BSh), Cold Desert (BWk), and Alpine Tundra (ET). The humid winds are stopped by the mountains due to the desert west of Mahendra System. The mountains block the humid winds coming from the east so that the eastern Naga can be arid. The country can experience humidity from South Kesh Bay and the coastal areas of the country will become humid. The Tropical Savannah climate is located in the northern and western Naga and the small southwestern portion of the country while the Hot Semi-Arid climate is loated in the central, northeastern, and southwestern Naga. The Cold Desert is located in the southeastern Naga and the small eastern portion of the country and the Alpine Tundra is loated in the parts of the border of Naga and Prabhat.

Government
Naga is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the Lakan/Bini of Naga, who is from the House of Tanawan, the descendants of Lakan Buhat, son of Bini Ganda of Namay and Bini Mayang, daughter of Bini Bituhin of Linaw. The current Naganese monarch is Lakan Dulang, who ascended to the throne in 2016 after Bini Ligaya abdicated her throne. The head of government is the Pinuno, who is elected by electoral college for a maximum of two four-year terms. The Punong and the cabinet ministers are members of the Executive Council. The Pinuno and Punong are in-tandem during the election while the cabinet ministers are appointed by the Pinuno. The current Pinuno is Palang Laseng while the current Punong is Ligaya Lirana. Laseng and Lirana assumed office since 2018. The Naga's legislature is the tricameral Sanggunihan, which consists of the Kataasan or High Council (upper house), Matahun Gitnaan or People's Assembly (middle house), and the Balang Paubos or House of Locals (lower house). Kataasan is consists of 58 high councilors; fifty-two of its members are elected by their respective federal barangays for every three years and the rest of the high councilors are appointed by the Pinuno to represent each sectoral groups. Matahun Gitnaan is consists of 7 assemblymen per federal barangays and elected for every four years. One representative per purok (legislative district) is elected to the Balang Paubos every two years.

Executive
The executive power is vested in the Monarch of Naga as the head of state, commander in-chief of the armed forces, and the head of Privy Council. The Lakan or Bini of Heiban is hereditary either matrinileal or patrilineal line of succession. The current monarch of Naga is Lakan Dulang, the son of Inang Ligaya and late Lakaman Itum. Since the unification of Linaw and Namay, there have only been four binis in the history of Naga, the latest of which is Inang Ligaya, the daughter of Bini Idang and Lakaman Nilaw.

The head of the government is the Pinuno, equivalent to the Prime Minister in other countries. The Pinuno chairs the cabinet and appoints the cabinet ministers of the Executive Council. It is also the advier of the monarchy on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative. After the election, they automatically become a head of Matahun Gitnaan without representing any constituencies of Naga and leads as the largest party or the coalition in the People's Assembly. The deputy head of the government is the Punong, it is also equivalent to the Deputy Prime Minister in other countries. The Punong is considered a member of the Executive Council and sometimes has a position in the cabinet. After the election, they automatically become a head of Balang Paubos without representing any constituencies of Naga. They become the temporary head of government while the Pinuno is on a state visit. If the Pinuno resigns or dies, the Punong replaces the Pinuno to finish their term while the President of the High Council replaces the Punong.

There are currently sixteen cabinet ministries in Naga. The latest ministries established by the government are the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology and Ministry of Tourism and Culture, which were approved by Lakan Dulang and Palang Laseng in 2018:
 * Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reform
 * Ministry of Commerce and Industry
 * Ministry of Defense
 * Ministry of Education
 * Ministry of Environment and Science
 * Ministry of Finance and Treasury
 * Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 * Ministry of Health and Social Services
 * Ministry of Housing, Urban Planning and Infrastructure
 * Ministry of Information and Communications Technology
 * Ministry of Internal Affairs and Public Safety
 * Ministry of Justice
 * Ministry of Manpower and Employment
 * Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy, and Water Supply
 * Ministry of Tourism and Culture
 * Ministry of Transportation

Political parties
The three major parties that are dominating both the tricameral houses are the National Party (Pulung Banwayan), People's Party (Pulung Matahun), and Progressive Party (Pulung Lagula). The Banwayans and Matahuns have been in a coalition since the 1960's but they still have their own candidates during elections.

Administrative divisions

 * Main article: Administrative divisions of Naga

Naga is divided into nine federal barangays and one capital district. Each of the barangays (including the capital district) is ruled by the Datu while the barangay government is headed by the Gahum. Datu serves as a ceremonial head of state and the monarch's representative as well, they were appointed by the monarch without term limits. Gahum serves as the governor of the barangays and they ruled the executive and legislative branches. Every barangays have their own laws that are enacted by their own legislature.

Foreign relations

 * Main article: Foreign relations of Naga

Languages
The official languages of Naga are Namay, Tiberico Mixto, and Ramayan. Both of these languages are taught in schools and these languages are also used in trade and politics. Namay is the national language of the country and a native language in western and central Naga while Tiberico Mixto and Ramayan are both used as a lingua franca in the country. Tiberico Mixto is used for the diplomatic relationship between Naga and Cagayan while Ramayan is also used for the diplomatic relationships between Naga and neighboring Ramayan countries. Tiberico Mixto and Ramayan was introduced in Naga in 1890's during the immigration wave of Cagayano people from Cagayan and Ramayan people from present-day Heiban and Ramay. 89% of the population knows how to speak the both languages aside of their native language regardless of their ethnicity. Aside of Namay, some of the native languages in the country are Kota, Danang, Subung, and Tikwa. Kota is spoken in Guyamis, Kotalato, and southern part of the Capital District. Danang is spoken in Tabalogan, eastern Pabalen, and eastern Kotalato. Subung is spoken in Sugbuha, western Rabaw, and northern Yambalbanga. Tikwa is spoken in the northern Naga. Eastern Ramayan Standard, Phrabati, Gxean, and Guoyo are also spoken in the country by the descendants of the immigrants from the present-day neighboring countries in southern Kesh.

Religion
The Constitution of Naga allows Freedom of Religion in the entire country and all the citizens are allowed to choose their own religion regardless if they are natural born Naganese or not. About 25.9% of the population identified as Naganist, 21.3% are Buddhist, 17.2% are Hindus, 13.4% are Taoist, 11.2% are Muslims, 5.4% are Zoroasters, and 3.5% are Messianist. The remaining 2.3% are worshipping other religions.

Economy
Naga has one of the largest economies in Southern Kesh. It produced an estimated gross domestic product at PPP of around $2.352 trillion and nominal GDP of around $1.818 trillion. As of 2019, Naga's labor force is 50 million workers. The country has a low unemployment rate of around 4% and around 12% of the population are below the poverty line. Naganese brands such as Mayanilad and Libata are internationally famous and garnerd Naga's reputation for its good quality in electronics and other manufacturing goods. Naga's exports amounted 15.2% of GDP in 2019. As of 2020, Naga's main export is TBD (20.2%), TBD (19.3%), and TBD (18.7%) while the country's main import is TBD (25.7%), TBD (15.6%), and TBD (13%). The rapid growth of Naganese economy began in 1940's after the Naganese Revolution but it suddenly declined in mid-1960's due to the communist insurgency of the country. The country continued its economic growth from 1970 onwards.

The following list includes the largest Naganese companies by revenue in 2019:

Agriculture
The Naganese agricultural sector accounts for about 3% of the total country's GDP as of 2019 and only 15% of land is suitable for cultivation. Rice and corn are the most important crop of the country. The combining population of rice and corn were 61% while the rest of the percentage are the imported grain products. The agricultural farms of the country were family-owned or supported by the government but the agricultural sector of the country is highly-subsidized and protected by the government under the National Land Act. Other agricultural products in Naga are sugarcane, coffee, banana, pineapple, coconut, carrot, eggplant, and potato.

To support the agricultural sector, the Naganese Agricultural and Land Reform Cooperative was founded unter the premiership of Dulang Malaya in mid-1970's and it is an in-charge for agricultural banking, land reform assistance, and sales of agricultural products. The goal of the said agricultural cooperative is to improve the social and economic status of agricultural people and to contribute the national economy. In 2010, the government passed the Urban Acgriculture Act and it strives to create more farmland. The act aims to develop a nature-friendly urban communities and contribute to the development of cities and rural communities by raising urban residents on understanding the agriculture. To promote the urban agriculture, the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reform creates the Special Agriculture Program to help every residents to create their own vegetable garden in their rooftop.

Industry
Naga has a large industry and the industrial sector has 37% of the country's GDP as of 2019. The main industrial products of the country are cars, motorcycles, ships, appliances, steel, textiles, processed foods, and medicine. The top three steel producing companies are Panday, Bulawan, and Kinang. From 1992 until 2004, Naga had produced 20 million automobiles and most of the automobiles are manufactured by the big three automobile companies: Libata, Sakay, and Baybayin. In addition, Paspas and Dagan are the leading motorcycle companies in the country.

Services
Naga's services sector is about 60% of the country's GDP as of 2019. Banking, information technology, software, transportation, telecommunication, medical services, and education are the major source of services in the coutry. BDN, Naga Telecom, Garanun, and MLI are one of the largest companies in the country that provides services.

Transport
The Naganese National Raiways is the government-owned company in the country and it was the only railway company that existed in the country since 1912. During the premiership of Lapu Plaridel, private rail companies were allowed to operate such as Sabaan, Waraywaray, Mayanilad Metro, Kalugurandaka, and Oragon. Abtik or fast train, as they often know, are the high-speed rail trains that run across Naga especially in metropolitan areas and it is known for its safe and efficient ride for passengers. The country tried to import abtiks in other countries for the improvement of rail transportation.

There are 112 airports in the country as of 2018. The main domestic hub is Lakan Rama Airport in Dayangdangan while the main international gateways are Gumamela International Airport (Mayanilad area), Jambangan International Airbort (Subi area), Dulagan International Airport (West Dayangdangan area), and Lanaw International Airport (Dayangdangan-Tambo area). The three main airlines are Naga Airlines, Mayanilad Airways, and Air Lakan. As of 2018, there are 30,295,412 passengers in the country and most of these passengers are tourists and overseas workers.

Radio and television
The radio and television networks in Naga is regulated under the Media Broadcasting Commission under the Ministry of Culture, Information, and Telecommunications. Radio Television Naga (RTN) is the government-owned media company and it was founded during the throne of Lakan Inu and the premiership of Pilak Amin. RTN was founded as radio station by the government in 1949 as Radio Corporation of Naga (RCN) and it expanded by creating a television station also owned by the government and Television System of Naga (TSN) was founded in 1958. RCN and TSN merged in 1961 and the RTN was born as a media company. RTN was the only television network in the country from 1960's until late-1970's. Four commercial television networks was established in the country such as DBS, LBC, BMAC and HBN.

The five major television networks in Naga have also their own radio counterparts but most of the radio stations in the country are owned by the independent companies. The oldest radio station in the country is the Voice of Naga (now Radiho Seba) and it was established in 1948, one year before the RCN established. Naganese radio listeners usually listened to the Prabhati, Cagayano, and Heibanese contemporary music aside of the local music in the country regardless of genre.

Cuisine
Naganese cuisine is formed from the cuisines the five main ethnic groups of the country, the Namay, Subung, Tikwa, Danang, and Kota, and heavily influenced by Cagayano, Kodeshian, Ramayan, and Phrabati cuisine. It consists of various cuisines that depends on historical context, ethnic groups, and geography and they have their different cooking techniques, ingredients, and seasonings. Most of the Naganese cuisine are spicy but some of the cuisine have robust flavors. The most popular dishes in Naga are the packed rice dish called patir, the curry-like dish called karikari, the soy sauce with vinegar stew dish called daba, and the peanut stew dish called maning. The most common dessert in Naga is the steamed rice cake called putu, the said dessert has an assorted colors and flavors and it is popular in every occasions.

The staple food across Naga are rice but unlike in neighboring countries, the people also consider corn and wheat as a staple food due to the steppe climate of other areas in the country especially in central and southwest Naga. Most of the people did not use any utensils and they use their bare hands instead if they eat breakfast, lunch, or dinner but some of them are used chopsticks especially in the restaurants.