Hydar State

Hydar Sultanate or Hydar State is a sultanate in Kesh, bordering Kodeshia to the east and Asharistan to the north. It is among the most underdeveloped states in Eastern Kesh, with a GDP per capita of $2,400, an urbanization rate of 38%, and an HDI of .67. However Hydar is extremely variant among the cities and countryside, and its cities are among the most developed in Sanqing. The geography is extremely rugged with many rainforests and mountains, forcing most populations to be cut off from the outside world. Consequently, state power is limited outside of the cities. The nation has been slowly modernizing, however many of the villages remain unwilling to integrate in the wider world. These villages preserve traditions and cultures that have existed for many millennia.

Hydar is ruled by the Sultan of Hydar, a former warlord who broke away from Kodeshia during the Kodeshian Civil War. The Sultan at first saw himself as the rightful leader of all-Kodeshia, and would lead a jihad against Kodeshia during the Great Kesh War. The Sultan would overthrow many of the Hui administrators and generals, replacing them with loyal Persians, Pashtuns, Mons, and Assamese. The Forces of Righteousness would at first move deep into Kodeshia before being expelled, and later his forces were on the defensive. They would flee to remote mountains in the Long Exodus before eventually regrouping and reclaiming Hydar. Kodeshia signed a separate peace a few years later with the Sultan, and the nation became independent. Hydar would get aid from many countries from the 60-80s to support its fight against various socialist insurgents. While Hydar was able to defeat most of them, Soranistan was able to defend itself long enough to see an armistice signed. Still to this day both states do not recognize each other. In the 90s the nation finally saw peace, and would sign various agreements to improve its infrastructure and open up to the wider world. To keep most of the nation's pristine rainforest and nature from disappearing, the Sultan declared over 75% of Hydar a protected space where no urban development can occur in 1995. "Protected space" can still have rural villages and small plots, however development past the rural economy is restricted. Limited space has meant Hydar's cities are extremely dense and walkable.

Hydar has a very diverse, yet fast growing economy. The economy is very unbalanced, with most of the GDP generated in the urban areas. The vast majority of Hydaris remain outside the economy and are mostly subsistence farmers. The largest sector of the economy is industry, followed by services and construction. Most banks are under state control, and give out credit according to state plans. Hydar has created a massive manufacturing sector through heavy industries such as steel, many of which are used in construction projects. Hydar has many light industries, such as carpet manufacturing, textiles, and electronics. Hydar also has an agricultural industry around the growing of nuts and citrus. The economy remains poor with a GDP per capita of 2,400 and high inequality as the cities are far richer than the countryside. Most of the economy is under semi-state semi-private companies known as the bonyads who have management structures empowering "technicians" and give to the poor. In recent years fully private companies have been taking larger parts of the Hydari economy. Hydar while open to trade with the outside world has been unwilling to implement reforms to get foreign FDI, nor giving up its capacities for core industries. The state policy is focused on import substitution and the creation of industrial capacity. Vast gongsuos dominate the national economy.

Hydar is an absolute monarchy controlled by the Sultan, although the Sultan is thought to give significant deference to the court. The court is made up of many intellectuals, the harem, theologians, older officials, and in recent years even bloggers that the Sultan appoints to advise him. The court lives with the emperor and help him create policies. Hydar has a party known as the Sons of the Sultan which all officials are required to be apart of. They have cells all over the country and engage in consultation with many of the citizens. Many local villages have a system of Majlis, and every 5 Years a National Majli is held to see the opinions of various business leaders. Hydari officials are promoted or demoted by the Sultan, often based on their performance. Hydar's political ideology is based on legalism and virtue ethics.

Hydar is perhaps one of the most unique countries in Kesh, being both Sincized yet Islamic, with a diversity of cultures throughout. Hydar has preserved thousands of languages and cultures, while still having some of the largest cities in Anterra. The nation is also noted for its both antiquated yet modernized government system, combining centuries old palace intrigue with the realities of modern governance. It is very popular among backpacker tourists, and is one of the hottest travel destinations in Kesh. It is apart of KTEC and has strong ties with most of its neighbors despite historical tensions.

Hydar Rebellion
As Kodeshia moved to reform and modernize, Kodeshi authority gradually spread to the frontier, and attempted to homogenize the diversity of ethnic and linguistic groups on this frontier. Persian, Pashto, and Assamese populations felt threatened by encroaching Han dominance and created innumerable secret societies and gongsuos to defend their culture. The middle class developing in the cities were dominated by Persian speaking intelligentsia who many Han civil service officials distrusted. This intelligentsia called for a separate tripartite system of ministries to represent the Islamic populations of the frontier. Their grievances kept being ignored by the central government.

When Kodeshia fell into the Grand Campigns, Tiperyn began to arm many of these secret societies and by 1918 they had formed the Brothers for Righteousness and began to revolt. They were a loose rebellion with no central leader, merely the goal of jihad until Kodeshia agreed to their demands of firing all Han civil servants operating in the Islamic regions and a separate system of ministries. The rebellion was known as the Black Headscarf Revolt. It heavily stalled Kodeshian forces and Kodeshia was slowed down by the revolt. Kodeshia had no choice but to enlist "bandits and brigands" to crush the Black Headscarf Rebellion. Mercenaries came from all over the world and initially there was an extremely loose command structure. Gradually Qobad Hydar would take power and lead the mercenaries to defeat the Black Headscarf Rebellion. He acquired great fame in the court and would become an important political ally of Qinghuiguo. Qobad recommended that Hydar should accede to the demand of creating a separate system of ministries to make sure no rebellion would ever happen again.

Rise of the Hydar Clique
From the rebellion Qobad had quickly created a large force, with around 150,000 troops. He occupied the cities of the new province of Huijiang. Qobad created alliances with secret societies who agreed to accept Kodeshi rule while putting down others. He was made governor of the province by Emperor Qinghuiguo who was a major ally of his. Qobad would fire most Han civil servants and replace them with Persian or Pashtao allies. He also began a series of early reforms to modernize Hydar and would build a series of railroads and factories.

He gained a large degree of autonomy due to the separate ministries and would continue maintaining his army. Officals in Kodeshia grew concerned of Qobad's growing power and began questioning him. In 1925 a banquet was held where Qobad's daughter was poisoned by Republican leaning intellectuals. Qobad quickly grew extremely distressed at the death of the young princess and ordered the arrest of all Han officials at the banquet. It was written the Qobad tortured them "day and night" and vowed to slay anyone involved in the plot. He informed Emperor Qinghuiguo and urged him to purge and execute the involved officials. Quihuiguo obliged only for Qobad to see him wait months as the royal court opposed the deal. The Qobad sent a beauty to the Royal Palace and poisoned the wife and children of a prominent reformist, vowing more revenge would come if the officials were not executed. After that Emperor Quihuiguo quickly executed all of them, but the Qobad's trust in him was forever broken.

The incident saw the Qobad accelerate anti-Han reforms and many more radical secret societies began to get patronized. In 1926 all Han officials were thrown out of the Huijiang government and Han professors were thrown out of Huijiang universities. Kodeshi officials grew worried about the emperor's weakness to stop the "renegade warlord" who was gaining power day and night. Republican officials would soon plot the overthrow of the emperor, eager to remove the "barbarian of the East" and his Clique.