Umara

 Umara (𐒚𐒑𐒖𐒇𐒖 ; formally 𐒕𐒚𐒑𐒖𐒇𐒖 𐒃𐒖𐒑𐒔𐒚𐒚𐒇𐒘𐒕𐒖𐒆, Umara Jamhuuriyad -- the "Umaran Republic") is a  in Southern Kesh. The country is constituted of a continental land area of XXX km2, sharing a land border with XX to the east and XX to the south. To the west the country borders the Iapetus Ocean. Umara is home to 102 million people, making it the XXth most populated country in the world and with a population density of 246 km2 the XXth most densely populated.

The geographical area of modern day Umara is the site of some of the oldest archaeological remains of modern humans, with human activity in Umara dating back as far as 250,000 years ago. Hunter-gatherer societies were the norm in the region until the revolutionized life in the region, utilizing  techniques to harness the flood patterns of the Kulani River. The rise of the Abakuul civilization out of the Kulani river valley would see the introduction of radical societal changes through the emergence of, new agricultural technologies and. The Abakuul Kingdom would disintegrate following a period of internal instability, culminating in the Alafia Revolt in 1300 BCE.

The Kingdom of Ishar, considered to the progenitor of the modern Umaran state, would emerge in 760 BCE under the rule of King Uru the Luminous. would arrive in the 8th century to the region, by way of the many trade routes which led into the Umaric lands, and would have a profound impact on Umari society with a number of clans and smaller kingdoms converting to the faith. Exchange of ideas was common in Umara during this time period as numerous different religious traditions and philosophies co-existed alongside each other, primarily in the city of Biyakad. Safiism, a movement which followed the teachings of the latter day teachings of the Prophet Dawad, would gain popularity in Umara in the 11th century effectively distancing it from the rest of the Islamic world politically. Under the Nadif Dynasty the Umaric Republic would form in 1204, uniting a number of smaller kingdoms in the region. Through the extensive use of Umara would emerge as a multi-ethnic empire and regional political and economic power in Southern Kesh. Umara would become a cross-roads of different cultures and belief systems, with cities such as Biyakad and Magacala hosting prominent institutions of learning and commerce for the time period.

The prominence of the Umaran Empire would eventually fall, declining in the early half of the 19th century after failed attempts to modernize and later industrialize. Efforts to do so were only partly successful, and with the increased presence of Artemian powers in Kesh and the rise of nationalism the Empire's influence began to gradually decline. The Magacala Accords in 1895 would result in numerous territorial and legal cessions to the Artemian powers, serving as a major catalyst for the First Fallagada and the overthrow of the monarchial government and replacement with the Umaran Republic in 1923.

Rise of the Umaran Sultanate
Main Article: Tajyar Era, Warsame Tajyar The decline and fragmentation of the Ishari Kingdom in 980 ACE led to the formation of various, known as Tajyars, and tribal confederacies. The Tajyars consistently competed for domination of the Kulani river valley, often in a state of direct conflict with one another. The Tayjars were generally tied to the major in the region before the collapse of the Ishari, many of which make up the most common clanar surnames in Umara today. Tribal confederacies and in the north were generally more  than the sedentary Tajyars, and would commonly clash with the Northern Tajyars over possession of the lower Kulani region and access to the Kulani river.

In the mid the Warsame Tajyar in the south-east of the Kulani region would become increasingly dominant in the region, following the annexation of the surrounding Axmed Tajyar and the Osas Tajyar. Axmadey I asecnded to the throne of the Warsame Tajyar in 1175 and would make it an objective of his rule to expand the military dominance of the Warsame, with the aim of securing the Kulani region. Axmadey I's rule would see the promotion of Safiism in conquered regions around the Kulani, adopting it as the official religion of his court which would be a tradition carried on by his descendents. By 1195 the Warsame Tajyar had conquered the Kulani region and much of western Umara proper, defeating the Noor and Shegow Tayjars in the Wars of the Warsame Conquest

Contemporary records affirm that Hiraale I, Axmadey's succesor, arrived in Magacala in 1198 and after a brief siege the city surrendered in accordance with Hiraale's Ultimatum. The city was any form of major destruction due to the acceptance of Hiraale's demands, though the Palace of the Egar Tayjar was famously deconstructed for bulding materials which would be later used to construct a new palace for the Warsame. Hiraale I issued the Magacala Declaration in 1199, claiming the city as the capital of his rule but more importantly addressing the of religious faiths in the city. Hiraale I guranteed a degree of religious freedom in the city, allowing the continuation of religious services in exchange for the implentation of a religious tax known as.

Hiraale I would be succeded by Axmadey II, who would set out to rapidly transform the political administration of the state. Axmadey II would formaly declare the state the Umaran Sultanate in 1204, the name 'Umara' being a century old term for the geographical region attested in the Kulani Annals of 710 ACE. Axmadey II styled himself as a 'sultan' with the aims of gaining recognition and establishing legitimacy for his state from the greater northern Kesh Islamic polities. Axmadey II formed two major advisory bodies to his court, the Tayjar Council which was a confederal council of the Tayjar clans and nobles and the Consultative Council which was a council of legalistic and clerical officials, over the course of his rule from 1202 to 1234.

Formation of the Umaran Republic
Maine article: First Fallagada, Grand Campaigns The legal and territorial concessions granted by the Magacala Accords, signed between the Umaran Sultanate and the Samot-Seratofian Empire, had left the Umaran Empire crippled entering the. Dissatisfaction with the government and its failure to respond to international pressures as well as modernization resulted in rising unrest among the general population and the industrialist elite. In 1913 the Magacala Student Movements formally organized into the New Umaran Assembly, with the aims of pushing for the introduction of political reforms and the reversal of the Magacala Accords. Several other organizations were formed from protests in other major cities throughout the nation. The Janadeb Protests, a city which was administered indirectly by the Samot-Seratofian Empire as a, in 1916 brought reformist ideas to the forefront of the national political stage.

Throughout the 1910s the New Umaran Assembly (NUA) campaigned as a legal political faction within the Sultanate, attempting to garner support and allies with other nationalist groups. The early NUA was mostly based in reformist ideals, utilizing existing legal measures and public demonstrations in an attempt to push reforms through the royal government. The Battle of the Saffron Bazaar in 1917, a clash between government forces and republican and reformist demonstrators, led to more radical approaches to reform becoming popular among the assembly. Maaslax Tajira, a socialist revolutionary who had taken part in the earlier failed Janadeb Uprising in 1901, would join the NUA in 1917 and become a leading figure in the push for a more revolutionary approach.

Within the military the nationalist ideas of the NUA, coupled with existing feelings of over the territory lost in the Magacala Accords, influenced the creation of the New Awakening Society in 1918. By October, 1918 open conflict had grown between the revolutionary nationalist factions within the NUA umbrella and the royal government. Global focus on the Grand Campaigns had led to a significantly reduced Artemian presence in the treaty ports of Umara, and with the deteriorating state of the Samot-Seratofian colonial empire revolutionary forces occupied the ports of Janadeb and Ballaamarin. Forces of the Sultan were, legally, barred from accessing these ports making them relative safe havens for revolutionary forces. After prolonged periods of unrest, peaceful and later confrontational, and failed reforms the final to the decaying Sultanate was the  of 1919 by the New Awakening Society. The New Awakening Society had intended to implement a form of military governance, but popular pressure from the NUA forced the provisional government to dissolve after the Assembly had ratified a new, republican constitution. The Presidential Election of 1920 would see Xashraawi Noor elected to the office of President of the Umaran Republic, formally declaring the creation of the Umaran Republic.

Reform and Consolidation Era
Main Articles: Great Kesh War The immediate goals of the newly established Umaran Republic was the reintegration of territory lost following the signing of the Magacala Accords, chiefly Janadeb and Bellaamarin. In 1922 the Republic relinquished claims to any previously owned territories beyond Janadeb and Bellaamarin. Sweeping reforms were introduced by the First Consultative Congress throughout the 20s and 30s, with aims of furthering modernization of the nation's infrastructure, implementing land reform and resource redistribution, and codifying a hybrid legal system which introduced elements of. The Formal Secularization Act of 1924 officially withdrew government support of any particular religious institution and abolished all forms of religion based taxation.

President Maxamuud Asefa, elected in 1930, would have a significant impact on the evolution of Umaran political culture through the creation of his famous Shan Hadaf (lit. five objectives) platform. Under this platform Asefa pushed for further economic and modernization reforms, enshrining a strong commitment to what Asefa described as 'nationalist and liberal values', and forming a 'principled .' Under the Asefa administration the government of the Umaran Republic would become an outspoken supporter of liberal and anti-colonial movements throughout Kesh.

In 1945 the New Umaran Assembly, the dominant political party in Umara since the republic's creation, would be formally dissolved following the departure of President Asefa. Those supportive of the continuation of Asefa's policies formed the National Liberal Party whereas those in opposition to government centralization formed the New Republicans Party. Rising tensions in northern Kesh following the collapse of the Caliphate saw Asefa's anti-colonial policies put further to into practice, with President Xukun Temesgen declaring support for 'all parties dedicated to the self-determination and liberation of the oppressed.' In actuality, this statement meant that Umara would commit material support to the Mihrani League from 1950 to 1955.

Politics
Main Article: Government of Umara

Umara is a  as outlined in the nation's 1922 constitution. With most major legislative and executive officers being elected positions, the nation is considered to be a. The President, currently Qaaman Axmed, serves as both the and  and is a directly elected office through the nation's presidential elections which are held every 4 years. The President selects a deputy, known as the Vice President, during the presidential elections as a.

The Republic's legislature consists of the 103 seat upper-house, the National Senate, and the 431 seat lower-house, the Consultative Congress. The Consultative Congress utilizes a wherein candidates are elected by the internal party structure of a political party on the ballot. The electorate then chooses which party they'd prefer, as opposed to choosing a candidate, to represent them in the legislature. For a party to gain a seat in congress they have to obtain a minimum of 4% of the general vote. Due to the representation of many political parties, some of which being or covering more niche electoral bases, in the legislature  are generally necessary.

The majority of legislative powers are vested into the Consultative Congress. The congress is usually responsible for drafting and revising laws which have been rejected by the executive branch of the Senate. The Consultative Congress also maintains the ability to issue declarations of war, pending approval by the Senate. The Vice President serves as the leading member of Consultative Congress in the event of a tie vote. Members of the Senate represent the major clans, tribes, and ethno-religious groups of Umara in accordance with the traditional communal legal system known as. The Senate holds significantly less legislative power than the nation's congress and its members are elected in special elections which involve only members of a certain specified clan. Senators are elected for a term of eight years and are traditionally representatives, though they may have ties to political parties within the Consultative congress.

All citizens over the age of eighteen are afforded the right to vote according to the nation's constitution. Umara's political system is considered to be 'relatively' free and transparent by most third-party organizations and. The Republic has a diverse with a multitude of parties and positions being represented in the nation's legislature and local offices. Some of the major parties are the Umara United Party, National Liberal Party, New Society Party, The New Left, and the Socialist Labor Party of Umara. The within the legislature is formed by Umara United, the National Liberal Party, the People's Prosperity Party, and the New Republican Movement party.

Religion
Main Article: Religion in Umara

Economy
The Umaran economy is considered to be an with a  economy and a. With a nominal of $1.56 trillion, Umara ranks xth in Kesh and xth globally. The Umaran economy has experienced a period of stable growth over the past two decades following increased political stabilization and subsequent foreign investment after a degree of occured, with a GDP growth of 4.5% reported as of 2018. Umara's largest trading partners are XX, XX, and XX.

Umara has an increasingly, with significant growth in the nation's and  since the late 1970s. Historically manufacturing has made up a smaller percentage of the nation's gross domestic products and exports, largely due to internal domestic issues which existed as barriers to large scale industrialization. Industrialization occurred in phases over the course of the late 19th century and 20th century, increasing significantly after the Grand Campaigns. Today, the country has a robust workforce which is employed in a number of diverse industries and has been increasingly in the last two generations due to focus on educational reform and funding.

As of 2020, the makes up roughly 41.3% of the nations GDP, followed by  at 34%, and  at 24.5%. Major industries in Umara include, , , , , , , and.

Major exports of Umara are textiles and clothing, consumer goods, precious metals, natural gas, and foodstuffs. The expansion of the Qaaman III pipeline in 2017 and 2019 in central Umara has greatly increased the export rate and consumption of natural gas in Umara. Major imported goods to Umara are, , , , , and.