Shenewa

Shenewa is a country in central Avalonia covering 571,062km2 on the shores of the Ingonian Sea. It is bordered to its west by Tilenno and Arroyo-Abeille and New Valentina to its north. Centred on the Lumis and Qaypez river basins and with its agriculture made plentiful by the seasonal rains off the Ingonian, the territory of Shenewa has always been a densely populated area. As of 2022, its population is estimated at 198,158,514. Its capital is located in the old imperial city of Nokor Vimean on the shores of Lake Tsohtooh. However, its largest city is the former city state of Taunge on the shores of the Ingonian.

The area of modern day Shenewa has been inhabited for many thousands of years. The first organised Shenewan kingdoms began to appear in the lowlands in the early first millennium BCE, formed around temples as their centres of power and administration. However, these early kingdoms were smashed apart by the arrival in Shenewa of the Keumoine, a Polynesian people thought to be distantly related to the inhabitants of modern day Theyka. What followed were the centuries known in Shenewan history as The Anarchy. During this time, the Keumoine raided up and down the Lumis and Qaypez rivers from strongholds established near the coast. However, gradually the Keumoine's presence in Shenewa changed from raiding parties to settlements, more interested in trade than loot. Their coastal strongholds gradually transformed from staging posts for raids to ports, bringing in goods from the Ingonian sea and transporting it upriver, across Northern Avalonia. From these coastal city states, the Keumoine struck out, establishing trading posts further upriver which would in turn become small cities in their own right. During this time, the Keumoine were the dominant power in Shenewa, ruling the remnants of the native kingdoms as overlords, growing wealthy on the river trade. This era was not to last. Eventually, rallying from the initial shock of the arrival of the Keumoine, the native kingdoms of northern Shenewa around Lake Tsohtooh and the uppermost reaches of the Lumis basin began to increase in power once more, slowly becoming powerful enough to become the overlords of the Keumoine cities which had once ruled them. It was one of these kingdoms which would form Shenewa's first empire, around Lake Tsohtooh. With its administration provided by the old native temples yet employing armies of Keumoine mercenaries, as had become common across Shenewa, this empire is sometimes called the first truly Shenewan realm. However, this appelation is not agreed upon by historians, with a majority believing it to have been little different to the Keumoine city states or previous native kingdoms in most respects. Like its predecessors, this empire would eventually collapse, splintering into numerous successor kingdoms.

Within a few decades of the collapse of this first empire, West Artemian explorers found their way to Avalonia. Whilst it would be a number of years before they made direct contact with the peoples of Shenewa, it is likely that the Shenewans were aware of these strangers from across the sea due to the Shenewan trading links across the Ingonian. When the West Artemians finally did find their way to Shenewa, they were seen not as foreigners to be cast out but as just another business opportunity by the cities of the coast. Whilst there had always been wars over trade along Shenewa's rivers, fuelled by West Artemian money and technology, these wars grew to a never-before-seen scale during the approximately 300 years of the so-called Colonial Period. West Artemian states would support their client Shenewan states against their neighbours, supplying them with the latest weapons, in exchange getting favourable trade concessions along the profitable Shenewan trade routes. In (one of the Shenewan languages), this time is known as the "age of red rivers", testament to the bloodshed that ensued from Shenewan kingdoms transforming their always large populations into enormous armies to wage wars on behalf of their West Artemian backers.

Gradually however, the West Artemian support for these wars slackened as their own colonies began to spread further and further inland across North and Central Avalonia and the profitability of Shenewa's river trade decreased. This did little to decrease the bloodshed as Shenewa's realms continued to fight over the trickle of money left from trade along the rivers. However, out of these wars emerged the first Shenewan Emperor, a warlord of the state of (?). He designated six trading ports on Shenewa's coast through which West Artemians would be allowed to trade, giving each to a different West Artemian power. However, this was to be the limit of West Artemian power in his Empire, determined as he was not to become just another vassal ruler. The first empire kept the peace for nearly 100 years, although future emperors gradually expanded the areas in which West Artemians could do business. However, eventually the first empire's system of government would break down, with individual warlords gradually assuming control of various areas of Shenewa. Whilst the emperors still sat in (capital), they had little power. All practical power rested with these warlords for almost 30 years, seeing them wage Shenewa's first industrial wars against each other. It wasn't until after the war of Imperial Restoration, in which the warlords were overthrown by a group of idealistic young army officers, that the Emperor was restored to his authority and Shenewa united again, beginning the Second Imperial Period, extending until the present day.

Shenewa is a developing economy with a nominal GDP per capita of $6,085.

Early settlement & spread of agriculture (start date tbd until c. 1,500 BCE)
During this time, two distinct cultural groups appeared, the first concentrated in the lowlands near the coast and around the rivers feeding into the Ingonian sea. The other was concentrated in the highlands further inland, around the Kustera river and lake Tsohtooh.

First kingdoms appear in the lowlands
Steady consolidation of power around religious centres which served as early palaces/power centres.

The Anarchy
Old, religious centre based kingdoms are either shattered or enter into decline, vulnerable to river raids by Keumoine who begin to entrench themselves in cities along the banks of the river Lumis (until c. 100 BCE)

City States Period
The Keumoine settle into large city states on the coast and along the rivers Lumis and Qaypez  which become the dominant political units, exercising overlordship over the remaining, much reduced old religious centre based kingdoms. Over the coming decades/centuries the city states would grow wealthy from carrying Ingonian sea trade with Zahava up the rivers Lumis, Qaypez and Julianus further inland across northern Avalonia.

(Northern) resurgence
One of the old religious centre based kingdoms grows and through reforms to administration and changes in agriculture begins to eclipse the city states in power. Whilst the kingdom splinters within 2-3 generations, the system of government it brings about reverses the balance of power in the country's north, with the theocratic kingdoms becoming overlords of the city states. (c. 500 CE).

(Two realms era)
Following the northern resurgence, Shenewa is divided into two realms, culturally and religiously. The northern kingdoms, dominated by the ancient theocratic traditions of Shenewa's earliest civilisations whilst the southern part of the country remains dominated by city states ruled in accordance with the customs and practices of the Keumoine. During this period, a caste system begins to take root in the south, finding its basis in the initial divide between the Keumoine descended ruling and urban class and the (native) inhabitants of the countryside but gradually spreading to other areas.

The Tsohtooh Unification (c. 1100 CE)
(Some king or other). Following his reign, the kingdom of (?) exercised undisputed control over the area around Lake Tsohtooh and more importantly the lucrative trade routes that ran north through it. Over the following centuries, his dynasty would use this wealth to expand their kingdom. Ruling over the western shores of Lake Tsohtooh and parts of the Lumis Kustera rivers, this has sometimes been pointed to as the beginning of a Shenewan state. However, in reality, whilst the largest realm yet seen in Shenewa at the time, it did not rule over anything like the whole country. The coastal areas remained largely untouched by the Tsohtooh empire, as did much of the Lumis river basin and the southern highlands.

The arrival of West Artemians
When West Artemians discovered Shenewa, the first of its many cultures they encountered were the Keumoine dominated city states. As a consequence, they adopted the Keumoine name for it, Shenewa, meaning the "land of rivers".

1500-1800 CE
The early colonial period in Shenewa was characterised less by colonisation and more by the West Artemians involving themselves in the conflicts between Shenewan powers. Whereas in other areas, the primary interest of West Artemians was in establishing colonies, in Shenewa the prize was favourable trading rights on the rivers at the heart of the area. Shenewan states often offered West Artemians these in exchange for aid, whether it be material, military or both. Whilst wars had not been uncommon in the pre-colonial period, the extra resources poured into them by the West Artemian powers led to wars of a scale, intensity and frequency that had never been seen before in Shenewa.

Involved powers:

Agrana y Griego

Zahava (maybe)

Shenewan-Theykan Pact (1850s or 1860s)
Return of the city of Pakoura to Shenewan control in exchange for favourable trade arrangements for Theyka. The Return of Pakoura

Shenewan-Valentine war
Defeat for Shenewa. Leads to the surrender of South-West Oersegen to New Valentine. The Julianus War

Warlord states period (1908-1943)
Whilst the Emperor still nominally ruled over all of Shenewa, the real power and unit of government became various states within states ruled over by warlords. This was made possible by the system of government put in place by the First Emperor. Rather than create a separate civilian administration, he had divided Shenewa into a series of military governorships. This system founds its roots in the wars that had wracked Shenewa for centuries, where the primary business of the machinery of state had been in place to raise and supply armies. To facilitate this, civilian administrators had answered to the local military commander. However, in the near century of relative peace since unification, this had allowed military governors to turn their governorships into private fiefdoms.

Communist Insurgency (1951-54)
During the Warlord era, many communal defence militia sprung up across Shenewa. For the most part these organisations existed to defend their community against looting or conscription parties. However, some militias took their mission further, espousing the ideals of communism and fighting for a communist Shenewa, free from the tyranny of the warlords and incompetence of emperors. During the Wars of Imperial Restoration, these militias fought both the Imperial forces and the Warlords. However, they lacked the organisation to ever be more than an irritant for the warring parties. Following the Imperial victory, many of these communist militias still existed, particularly in the south east and west of the country. Therefore, the Imperial Army and Gendarmerie turned a great deal of their now free attention toward hunting down and destroying these militias. By 1954, the communist militias had largely either been destroyed or disbanded. Whilst the military campaign played a part, it's been argued that the principal reason for this was that the stability brought by the Imperial restoration made the Communist promise of revolution and the instability it would bring less attractive to the population. Consequently, support for the communists among the population eventually melted away.

Physical Geography
Shenewa is generally quite a flat country, with its highest point being (c. 1,000m) above sea level.

Climate and seasons
Shenewa is a nation with a predominantly tropical savannah type climate characterised by wet and dry seasons of varying lengths. In the highlands, the wet season and dry season are similar lengths. Normally, the highland wet season will begin in May and end in September. In the lowlands, the wet season lasts substantially longer, beginning in late March or early April and extending until September. These seasons are caused by evaporation from the Ingonian sea. Gradually the rain drains into the Lumis and Qaypez river basins and from there away into the Ingonian sea, which is at its highest level in early March. The difference between temperature in the wet and dry seasons is more pronounced in the highlands, whilst in the lowlands the temperate is relatively static year-round.

Central Avalonian Water buffalo
The Central Avalonian water buffalo has been domesticated in Shenewa for thousands of years. Historically, it was principally used as an agricultural work animal. In modern times, it has been bred more for its meat and milk.

(Lumis) King Prawn
The (Lumis) river is home to what is commonly known as the (Lumis) King Prawn, a large species of freshwater shrimp whose natural habitat is in the Lumis river and Lake Tsohtooh. In addition to wild (Lumis) King Prawns, Shenewas have been cultivating king prawns for food for many hundreds of years.

(Highland Deer)
The (Highland deer) is a small species of deer which lives in the highlands found in western Shenewa. Males of the species typically weight between 60 and 80kg whilst females normally weigh 40-60kg. Thought to be the distant cousins of the (lowlands deer), they have been present since prehistory in the area of modern Shenewa as attested by cave paintings.

(Lowland Deer)
The (Lowland deer) is a distant relative of the (Highland deer) adapted to live in the (Lumis) river basin. Due to the dense undergrowth of woodlands in the area, the lowland deer has evolved to be smaller than its relatives, with males tending to be between just 15-20kg.

Administrative Divisions
When it was unified in 1813, Shenewa was divided into 11 districts. The districts encompassed the number of households necessary to raise a corps for the army and were administered by the army, with the exception of the capital district. Whilst suitable for administration of a state in a near permanent-state of war, as most Shenewan states had been prior to 1813, during the nearly century of peace that followed, it was this system of military-centric administration which paved the way for the warlords. Upon the Imperial restoration and reunification of the country in 1951, a separate system of districts was establish distinct from the armed forces.

International Relations
Shenewa has been an ECOSEAS member since 2021. A primary focus of Shenewan foreign policy is maintaining stability in and around the Ingonian to facilitate trade.

Civil Service
The Shenewan Civil Service employs 4.4m people and has a budget equivalent to $20.116bn

Military
The military of Shenewa is the Imperial Armed Forces (Te Ope Teue Enepē in Keumoine). The commander-in-chief of the Shenewan Armed Forces is the Emperor. Since the Constitution Riots of 1967, the Shenewan Armed Forces have been all-volunteer. It is made up of three branches: the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. The Imperial Armed Forces are optimised for operations in Central Avalonia, principally Shenewa and its near-abroad, and the Ingonian, possessing limited expeditionary capability outside of this area.

In times of war, the Gendarmerie fall under control of the Imperial Armed Forces however, they are separate in peacetime and receive their budget separately.

Law Enforcement and Emergency Services
Law enforcement in Shenewa is the responsibility of two different and sometimes competing organisations, the Imperial Gendarmerie and the National Police. The National Police are responsible for much of the day-to-day policing and border control of Shenewa and are answerable to the elected Prime Minister. The Imperial Gendarmerie are most visible in their roles as riot control, police tactical units and Shenewa's border security force. However, they also contain the Directory for Special Investigations (DSI), Shenewa's domestic secret intelligence agency.

Visas and immigration
In an effort to increase Shenewa's attractiveness as a destination for international tourism, Shenewa has signed agreements with Ringerike and Theyka giving their citizens the right to travel in Shenewa visa free for up to 60 days in every 365 day period.

Political System
Shenewa is a unitary state. Executive power in Shenewa is split between the Emperor and his so called "Imperial Council" and the Prime Minister and his "People's Council". This arrangement came out of the Constitution Riots in 1967, prior to which all ministers were appointed by the Emperor, with elections being merely advisory. The Imperial Council consists of ministers appointed by the Emperor and is in control of defence, the gendarmerie, foreign policy and intelligence. The People's Council is headed by the elected Prime Minister, who also represents it on the Imperial Council. It is responsible for a variety of areas of government but most importantly it sets the budget. Legislative power in Shenewa is held by the Huihuinge Tengetē (lit: People's Assembly) but all legislation must be ratified by the Emperor before it enters into force. Any legislation which receives less than 80% of members' vote in favour can be vetoed by the Emperor.

Legislation is typically proposed either through a "Popular Writ", a legislative proposal proposed by a member of the Huihuinge Tengetē (typically the Prime Minister). More rarely, it can be proposed through an "Imperial Writ", a proposal from the Emperor to the Huihuinge Tengetē.

The Unity Party
The Unity Party is a rightmost party in Shenewan politics. They are ardently monarchist, maintaining that Shenewa was brought into being as a country by the first emperor and cannot exist without an emperor. They typically push for more power for the emperor within Shenewa's constitution and it has been alleged that they are secretly supported by the emperor financially, which would be illegal under the constitution.

The Comrades of 1967 Party
The Comrades of 1967 are the leftmost party in Shenewan politics. Naming themselves after the 1967 riots which forced liberalisation in Shenewa, they stand for continued liberalisation and reform in Shenewa, typically towards a constitutional monarchy. There have been allegations of republicanism in the party. Whilst not strictly speaking illegal in Shenewa, the status of the monarchy means that republicanism is typically a taboo subject in Shenewa.

Populations
Keumoine: A polynesian people who migrated to the territory of modern day Shenewa in the 1st millenium BCE.

Sumovafal: Name means "people of the south". A Tavik people who migrated south in the 1st millenium CE and settled in the area of modern north western New Valentina and parts of north eastern Shenewa. In Keumoine known as "te awai kenekē", literally "the ginger people", so named for the prevalence of the hair colour among them. Historically were semi-nomadic animal herders.

Diaspora
There is are noticeable Shenewan communities in Theyka and New Valentina. In New Valentina, the Shenewan community tends to be concentrated in the north and west of the country, where it was easier to immigrate to in the early 1900s. In Theyka, the Shenewan immigrant community established large numbers of Shenewan restaurants, which achieved popularity as takeaway restaurants. Famous members of the Shenewan diaspora include the musician Keuthe, famous for her album VIBE.

Languages
Shenewa is home to numerous language communities. Since the arrival of the Keumoine, the keumoine language has been the lingua franca across much of Shenewa and is taught in schools across the country.

Sound changes, Theykan-Keumoine.

a-e

oa-oi

wh-sh

i-a

m-n

The Sumofaval people speak a Tavic language

Education
Education is compulsory in Shenewa between the ages of 6 and 14. It is typically delivered in the local majority language, with Keumoine as a compulsory second language for the entire length of a pupil's education.

Healthcare
The Shenewan government spends the equivalent of $82bn a year on healthcare. The costs of at least part of a patient's healthcare is to be provided by the patient, either through up-front payment or private insurance. However, a certain amount of their healthcare costs are reimbursed by the state depending on a variety of factors.

Cuisine
A traditional dish across much of Shenewa is (King Prawn soup), a soup made with the (Lumis) King Prawn as a key flavour ingredient. In some coastal areas this is served in crab shells or, more commonly in modern times, a bowl shaped and decorated to resemble crab shell. Another traditional dish is spiced and fried water buffalo liver, typically served in dumplings.

Railways
Shenewa has four high speed rail lines, one running from the coast to the capital completed in 2016, one running from the north coast to the southernmost coast completed in 2017, one linking the Lumis and Kustera rivers and another linking the Laronne and Lumis rivers.

Economy
Shenewa is a developing, upper middle income market economy. However, it is still marked by high levels of income inequality across the country, with its highlands further inland typically being a great deal poorer than the coasts. As a developing economy, the Shenewan services sector is still a relatively small part of the economy, just 48%, whilst industry and agriculture make up 38% and 14% respectively. The largest employer is the industrial sector, at 35% of the labour force, with 34% employed by the service sector and 31% working in agriculture.

Currency
Shenewa's currency is the Noshawa. This name's origin is the keumoine "noshata harawa", literally meaning "silver ring", derived from the keumoine practice of carrying the precious metals they used as currency in the form of rings on their hands. With their spread either by settlement or as traders across the entire area of modern day Shenewa, these rings became a recognised form of currency across the area. Gradually, the term "noshata harawa" was corrupted as it was used by non-keumoine speakers, leading to the name "noshawa". As a nod to their origins, modern noshawa coins continue to have holes in their centre, although they are no longer rings. The symbol used to denote the Shenewan Noshawa is ¥. It is derived from the representation of the Emperor's crown that was stamped on the first Emperor's noshawa coins.

Government Budget
The Shenewan government budget is equivalent to $236.085bn each year, or around 19.6% of GDP. To avoid excessive debt, the state has a policy of not running a budgetary deficit that will increase national debt to more than 50% of projected GDP 5 years from the date on which the budget is set (typically assuming conservative rates of growth of 3% a year). The idea behind this policy was to cap the government deficit at an amount which would be offset by economic growth. This was outlined in an Imperial writ proposed parliament in 2003 and passed later that year. As of 2005, the Prime Minister and his government can spend in excess of this amount. However, this additional spending needs to be approved by Parliament and is subject to a review every 3 years. Broken down by individual government department, state spending is distributed as follows:

Agriculture
Agriculture is still a relatively large part of the Shenewan economy. Much of this value is derived from the large, industrial scale farms producing cash crops such as tobacco and sugarcane. However, there is still a large amount of production of foodstuffs such as rice both for domestic consumption and export. This production is less prone to domination by large farms and instead the production is largely by small land-owners. The government has attempted to counter the resulting inefficiency by establishing the (insert company name here). This is a state run and backed corporation which buys the agricultural produce of these small scale farmers and then sells them on at prices which mean it only breaks even rather than turning a profit. Whilst the idea behind this company was to mitigate some of the weaknesses in Shenewan agriculture caused by small farms and ensure small-scale farmers had enough money to expand and increase the sophistication of their farms, it is questionable if it has achieved this.

Whilst historically and in modern Shenewa the primary staple crop of much of the country is rice, in the south west the staple crop has remained maize.

Across Shenewa, the animals most often kept are chicken and pigs, due to their relatively small demands on space. However, there are some buffalo kept in Shenewa, both as beasts of burden and for meat and milk.

46% of Shenewa's territory is cultivated.

Aquaculture
Shenewa also possesses a large fisheries industry, mainly farming fish and shrimp, with catching of wild fish having been in decline since the 90s. This decline is mostly explained by the depletion of stocks and increasing government legislation to safeguard endangered species.

Energy
Shenewa is an energy importer, possessing only a small amount of oil and no domestic sources of gas or coal. Whilst there have been attempts to draw more energy from sustainable, domestic sources such as hydropower and windfarms, these are still only sufficient for a small part of Shenewa's energy consumption (c. 14%).

Automotive Industry
Shenewa's automotive industry, rather than producing whole vehicles, mainly focuses on producing parts for foreign companies. An example of this is the Aristoi Automotive Group factories in Shenewa. These factories produce parts which are then exported to Zahava where Zahavan factories assemble the cars and fit the more complicated components which are not manufactured in Shenewa. However, in 2013, Aristoi Commercial Group opened the first factory which was going to make vehicles entirely manufactured and assembled in Shenewa. Building on this, Aristoi recently opened another factory to produce 4x4s and other offroading cars in Shenewa. Again, these vehicles would be entirely manufactured and assembled in Shenewa.

Shenewa also has a substantial domestic motorbike industry, producing largely small bikes designed for cities.

Fertiliser Production
Shenewa has a sizeable fertiliser production industry, producing 5,035,000 tons in 2022. However, despite this it still imports more than half the fertilisers used in its agricultural sector.

Defence Industry
Shenewa's defence industry is a notable part of its manufacturing base due to the government's preference for manufacturing even foreign designed equipment domestically when possible, a preference fuelled by a desire to take advantage of comparatively lower labour costs in Shenewa. However, Shenewa's defence industry still has substantial limitations on the complexity of what it can produce. This is evidenced by the example of Shenewan manufactured versions of the Ringeriker m/85 ATGM. Whilst nominally the same in its capabilities, Shenewan manufactured missiles are notably less reliable in their precision than Ringerike manufactured missiles. Consequently, for many complex systems (aircraft radars, precision munitions etc.) Shenewa remains reliant on imports.

Shipbuilding
Shenewa has a reasonably large shipbuilding industry, in no small part due to its prominence in the Ingonian carrying trade. For the most part, Shenewan shipyards specialise in the manufacture of bulk river freighters and shallow hulled sea freighters for use in the Ingonian and Alansoan Bay. However, there are larger shipyards which take advantage of lower labour costs in Shenewa to manufacture larger freighters for export at competitive prices. In recent years, Shenwan shipyards have become the main suppliers of civilian freight in Theyka.

In 2022, Shenewa produced 1,836,000 tons of shipping.

Mining
Shenewa's has some deposits of silver, copper and some rare earths.

Carrying trade
Whilst it no longer composes as large a part of the Shenewan economy as in times past, Shenewa is still a significant player in the shipping trade in and around the Ingonian. Unlike most surrounding nations, much of Shenewa's shipping fleet is composed of shallow-hulled freighters, better able to travel up the rivers of central Avalonia. Combined with its relatively loose laws around the sector, this has made Shenewa a major middle man for trade arriving on Avalonia's eastern coast to be transported to the rest of the continent, as well as goods from inner Avalonia being transported to Shenewa's coast for shipping onwards.

Tourism
The area around Lake Tsohtooh has long been a popular destination for domestic tourism. There have been efforts recently to attract more international tourism to the area and across Shenewa more generally. A major breakthrough in these efforts was made in 2020 when Hararei Entertainment announced its intent to build a theme park outside Pakoura.

Labour Abroad
The export of labour, particularly seasonal labour, is a growing part of the Shenewan economy. Typically seasonal in nature, Shenewans who work abroad in their wealthier neighbours and send money back to Shenewa has been an important source of additional income. A notable example is Shenewan seasonal labour in Theyka, typically employed in the agricultural and services (specifically tourism) sector. Particularly the agricultural seasonal labour is an important additional source of income for families in Shenewa's poorer south west.