Nanwen

Nanwen(南文) officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nanwen(南文民主联邦共和国) is a sovereign state located in Eastern Kesh. It is a federation consisting of 17 federal subjects. It borders Heydar to the North, Prabhat to the South, and Qingcheng to the East. The country has a coastline along the Tethys Ocean. The country has a population of nearly 90 million making it the XX largest in the world. The coastal regions are the most habitable and host to Nanwen's largest city and capital of Nanwen. The interior of the country is dominated by the Sipsongchau rainforest and Jinyang plains. Nanwen's population consists of a mixture of Hanzu populating the coastal lowlands, Dzhong people in the interior, the Qi in the North, and a variety of smaller ethnic groups along the Southern frontiers.

Nanwen was initially populated by Qi and Dzhong confederacies, with a small population of Han on the northern part of the coast. The small Han principalities eventually unified into the state of Nanwu, while the U Confederacy united the Dzhong peoples. The monarchy of U was eventually able to seize control of Nanwu, establishing the state of U-Wu in 328. U-Wu is considered the first Nanwenese state, though it covered only a third of modern Nanwen's territory. U-Wu was able to establish hegemonic dominance over the Qi states, but did not actually take political control. By the 8th century U-Wu's power had faded and most of its vassals existed in name only. After defeating Yan, the Xie dynasty of Kodeshia invaded and destroyed U-Wu. After brieftly regaining independence, the Min dynasty was able to fully defeat U-wu, establishing the Southern Protectorate in its place and a number of newly independent post-Uwu states. Nanwen would remain under loose Kodeshian control the next seven centuries, undergoing increased Kodeshian influence in its culture as well as migration by Kodeshian peoples and the Han in particular further South. After Qingcheng gained independence, Kodeshian control of Nanwen similarly evaporated. Nanwen collapsed into the warring states period, until it was reunified in 1644 by the Later Wu dynasty that renamed itself the Ji dynasty upon taking power and was the first state to call itself "Nanwen". The Ji saw a period of economic growth and a second Golden age, however by the 19th century, it began to fall behind the rest of world in technology. The Ji Dynasty would remain in power until 1917 when it was overthrown by the Hetuanhui. A series of civil wars followed until the People's Revolutionary Front took power under Yang Kui. He was suceeded by Wei Leifeng who turned the country in a Volkovist direction. After Wei's death Nanwen was governed by a collective presidency, however a series of economic crises in the late 1980s saw the nation descend into a brief civil war. The country was reunified in 1993 by the NRF-DSU, which has led the country since then. Nanwen is considered a developed middle-upper income country. It has a mixed economy driven by mass industrialization under the PRF. The state, though ostensibly democratic is functionally a one-party state. Nanwen today has a strong economy driven by a growing service sector and increased opening to the outside world. The countries grapples with the transition from a centrally-planned industrial economy to a high-tech post-industrial mixed economy. Nanwen has faced struggles in protecting the unity of the multi-ethnic state as well as severe regional inequalities.

Nanyang Revolution
Despite the mixed Dzhong and Han origins of the imperial family itself, since the foundation of the Ji dynasty, the administration was dominated by the Han. Always a frontier region of the Kodeshian sphere, Nanwen had developed an economy dependent on international trade. Throughout the 19th century, an increasingly isolationist Ji Dynasty had undermined the Nanwenese economy by closing off the country to the outside world intermittently. In 1904, the Hexie Emperor attempted to rectify the economic and technological decline of the Ji Empire by dispatching dozens of the most promising Nanwenese youth to the outside world to study foreign technology. While the program succeeded in bringing back foreign knowledge, it also began the import of radical revolutionary ideas. Continued attempts to industrialize the Nanwenese economy were generally a failure as the divided and poorly governed country failed to attract foreign investment. The Hexie Emperor's attempts to impose reforms and establish a modernized bureaucratic administration were undermined by his own court. As his attempts became more aggressive, a group of reactionary officials carried out a coup removing most reformists from government and putting the emperor under house arrest. This would prove to be a fatal blow to the Ji Empire as the sudden purge of officials combined with a weakening economy led to the central government rapidly losing control of the Northern rainforests. At the same time, a series of anti-imperial revolutionary groups started for form in secret. These included the Dark Ocean Society, a Great Forest Society, and most importantly the Harmonious Union Society or Hetuanhui led by Zhang Siping.

The Great War further reduced the trade that Nanwen was so dependent on, such that by 1917 the economy had declined to less than half of what it was in 1900. Rising inflation led to riots erupting in many major cities, including Yunnan. Hetuanhui agents organized militias against the imperial government and stormed the Nanyang fortress in Nanhaiguan on December 9th 1917. This date is regarded as the start of the Nanyang Revolution. The Hetuanhui was initially dominated by the "Rightist" faction - supporters of a constitutional monarchy modeled after ????. However, as the Hetuanhui's National Restoration Army(NRA) marched on Yunnan, the Hexie Emperor suddenly died, likely assassinated by counter-revolutionary officials. In response, the Hetuanhui proclaimed a "Republic of Nanwen" with Nanhaiguan as its provisional capital. The NRA's march on Yunnan was abruptly halted on March 18th, 1918 as General Dai Yun carried out a coup against the remnants of the imperial government on the grounds that they had murdered the Hexie Emperor. Dai Yun signed an agreement with the Hetuanhui to make himself provisional President of the Republic of Nanwen in on May 8th 1918, re-uniting the country after the brief civil war.

However, this peace was short-lived as Dai Yun grew increasingly dictatorial and side-lined the revolutionaries in favor of a clique of former imperial officers. In 1919, he even had Zhang Siping arrested on charges of being a foreign spy. This led to the February 8th incident as a group of Hetuanhui members raided the prison Zhang Siping was imprisoned in, freed him, and brought him back to their stronghold of Nanhaiguan. Nanwen quickly collapsed into a second civil war between Zhang's government in Nanhaiguan and Dai's government in Yunnan. The pro-Zhang National Restoration Army and pro-Dai Harmonious Army clashed in a series of large battles along the East coast of Nanwen. The second civil war led to a collapse of government authority in the north, which was never really brought back under government control since 1912. The Autumn Harvest uprising led by Ngawang Dorji erupted in the northern provinces after the particularly disastrous series of floods. The rebels declared the "Federal State of Nanwen" with its capital in the highland city of Semkyinyida. Things were only further complicated with Zhang's sudden death in early 1920, leading to a splinter in the Hetuanhui. A moderate faction led by Ling Qiming formed the Constitutional Democratic Party(CDP) while the more radical faction associated with Long Meng and Cui Cao formed the National Revolutionary Party(NRP). The NRP quickly allied itself with the Semkyinyida-based government as well as the nascent Communist Party of Nanwen. Together they declared the formation of the National Unity Front of Nanwen and its National Liberation Army. The NLA clashed with both pro-CDP and pro-Dai forces throughout 1920. By 1921, the CDP had been crushed by Dai's Harmonious Army who held most of southern Nanwen against the NLA. In spring of 1922 the NLA launched its Southern Expedition, defeating Dai in the Beihai campaign. They took Yunnan on October 8th, 1922 declaring the formation the Federal Republic of Nanwen. Dai Yun fled into exile shortly after Yunnan was taken.

Politics and Government
Nanwen is officially a federal multi-party semi-presidential republic. The President serves as the head of state, convenes and dissolves the Supreme People's Assembly, and may veto legislation. The Prime Minister and State Council is elected by the Supreme People's Assembly at the recommendation of the President. The Prime Minister is in charge of the executive branch on a day-to-day basis and coordinates the work of the State Council. The Supreme People's Assembly consists of the Council of Nationalities and the Council of People's Deputies. The former is elected by ethnic groups by ethnic voter rolls, proportional to the size of the rolls. The Council of the People's Deputies is the standing committee of the Congress of People's Deputies. The Congress of People's Deputies is a five part body that consists of the Committee of the Masses, the Committee of Corporations, the Committee of Social Organizations, Committee of Defense, and the Committee of Experts. The first three are elected by geographic electoral constituencies, employer organizations and trade unions, and social mass organizations respectively. The Committee of Defense is appointed by the military while the Committee of Experts is appointed by the State Council at the suggestion of the President or academic organizations. The Judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court, appointed by the State Council at the suggestion of the President. Judicial independence in Nanwen is considered weak as judges are often tied to the ruling party.

In practice, the government of Nanwen is dominated by the National Revolutionary Front of Democratic Social Unity(NRF-DSU). While many parties are represented in the SPA, most are either satellite parties of the NRF-DSU or otherwise marginal. The NRF-DSU has held a super-majority in the SPA since its foundation. The party has also controlled the Premiership and Presidency since its foundation. The party is a result of the merger of the military-backed Democratic Unity Party and ex-Volkovist National Revolutionary Front in the aftermath of the Nanwenese Civil War. The party is an expansive organization that registers nearly a quarter of the population as members and has been characterized as a state within a state. The Chairman of the NRF-DSU is often reckoned as the true power in Nanwen, above both the President and Prime Minister. Since the foundation of the NRF-DSU, it has practiced a policy of collective leadership with high-level party leaders generally not holding state positions. The NRF-DSU's influence on Nanwen is pervasive and has been characterized as totalitarian, despite the ostensibly democratic functioning of the state. The NRF-DSU does not practice active manipulation of voter. However, elections are considered unfair as practically all media, schools, and workplaces are under NRF-DSU influence. In many electoral seats, the NRF-DSU or its allies are the only parties presenting candidates at all. The NRF-DSU has been accused of carrying out voter suppression and political persecution against its opponents through para-legal means.

Economy
Nanwen is characterized as "social market economy" and includes aspects of central planning, private ownership, and cooperative ownership. Nanwen is considered an upper-middle income economy with a GDP of 1.701 trillion(PPP) and 1.01 trillion nominally. The GDP per capita(PPP) is 18,949 and the nominal GDP is 11,322. The industrial sector is the largest with service marginally smaller, agriculture contributes the least to the GDP. Nanwen was historically an impoverished country owing to its lack of modernization until the mid 20th century. A period of strong economy growth under the single-party rule of the People's Revolutionary Front(PRF) was cut off by the brief Nanwenese Civil War, but the economy has since recovered and exceeded pre-war strength.

Despite no longer espousing communism, the Nanwenese government maintains strongly leftist economic policies in some areas. Certain industries considered of national importance remain in the hands of the state. This includes petroleum, metallurgy, shipping, a number of state insurance companies, and the state defense conglomerates. Another defining feature of the Nawenese economy is the presence of cooperatives at all levels of the economy. While PRF-era industrialization was spearheaded by state-owned firms, light industry and less centralized industries were filled by cooperatives established under the "Gonghe" system. Gonghe cooperatives continue to dominate some types of light industry, they are particularly influential in rural regions. In parts of Northern Nanwen, "communist villages" which are functionally cooperative company towns are relatively common. Nanwen also has a relatively generous welfare state on paper, promising free healthcare and education, as well as cheap housing and insurance.

In spite of its communist past, Nanwen has also eagerly embraced aspects of the free market. During the privatizations in the 1990s, a number of large conglomerates with strong connections to the state were formed. These have become the titans of the consumer goods sector. These conglomerates have integrated with each other and the state into caifa or financial cliques. One of the dominant conflicts of the Nanwenese economy has been the question of the vertical integration of state-owned capital goods production and caifa controlled consumer good production. The caifa are particularly influential in the large cities. The economic liberalization of Nanwen has led to a mass migration into the cities in search of work, however this has been limited by the residency system. People may only receive the benefits they are legally entitled to in their home districts, meaning rural migrants in the cities do not recieve free healthcare and education. The process of obtaining legal residency can only be achieved with five years of stable urban employment, therefore an underclass of unskilled migrant laborers have become a cornerstone of the Nanwen economy.