Oraena

Oraena (Oraen: Oráenna; : Oréan), officially the Republic of Oraena (Oráenna Okwáho; La République d'Oréan), is a country located in northern Avalonia, bordered to the west by Arroyo-Abeille, to the south by New Valentina, to the east by the Confederate States of Northern Avalonia (KNA), and to the north by Brigantica, across the Brigantic pass. Oraena covers a total land area of 849,079 square kilometers (327,831 sq mi) and has a population estimate of 66.7 million as of 2023. The capital and largest city is Atéhsa, situated at the narrowest point of the Brigantic pass.

First inhabited sometime during the 8th millennium BCE, the Oraen territory became home to large that expanded from the coast in the north, and into the more tropical terrain in the south. Large groups of people within these early civilizations eventually began to settle across the area, transitioning into, and developing , a writing system, early mathematics, and ancient cities over the course of millennia. One of these civilizations eventually would grow larger in size and population, coming to prominence over smaller communities in the territory, and culminating into the Enéken Empire around 300 BCE. Though much smaller in size when compared to other civilizations on the continent, the Enéken quickly became one of the wealthiest people living in northern Avalonia, primarily attributed to their location, as a state with largely available arable land, and situated amongst the various trading routes in the continent.

Between 300 BCE and the 16th century, present-day Oraena continued to be witness to the rise and fall of various civilizations, kingdoms and empires, all varying in size and influence. However, during the mid-16th century, the Oraen territory, at the time inhabited and ruled by the Kingdom of Iaóte, came in contact with the Ovancian Empire. Throughout the following decades, Iaóte became subjugated to this foreign power, eventually being dissolved and replaced by a colonial government. The newly established colony became recipient to large-scale immigration from Ovancia, and a trading post for both land and maritime transport. The native population of Oraena faced segregation and subjugation from the introduced colonial population, as the latter benefited from the land's natural resources, and the colony's wealth. Oraena gained independence at the very start of the 19th century, after decisions made by the central government resulted in a colonial uprising from the colonial and native population alike. Aided by anti-imperialist nations in the continent, the colonial population successfully removed the Ovancian Empire from the territory in 1801, and established a new monarchical system of government, formed in its entirety by the colonial population born in Oraena. The newly formed Kingdom of Oraena existed as a until its dissolution and transition into a  in 1927, following the Harvest Revolution that started in November of 1923.

Today, the Republic of Oraena is a  with a high, but with moderate to high inflation rates and an above average income and wealth gap.

Etymology
The name Oraena (//) is a standardization of the country's native name Oráenna, which comes from the Oraen words orá (meaning "north"), and enna (meaning "mountain"). The territory was named by the native Oraen people, sometime around 100 BCE, who originally inhabited much of what is present-day eastern Oraena, particularly the region around the Gansho river, directly south of the Nhawí Mountains. During colonial times, the name's morphology was repurposed to better fit the and grammar, and restyled as Oréan (//).

Geography
Oraena is located in central-northern Avalonia, bordered to the west by Arroyo-Abeille, to the south by New Valentina, to the east by the Confederate States of Northern Avalonia (KNA), and to the north by Brigantica across the Brigantic pass, and the Adeline Sea. It expands over a total land area of 849,079 square kilometers (327,831 sq mi), making it the 21st-largest country in the world. The country is divided in a southwest-northeast fashion into two major climate zones, a (Cfa) to the west and north, and  (Aw, As) to the south and east.

The Oraen territory is divided into two portions by its topography: the central and northern regions are home to large swaths of and mountains, with the north in particular being home to the country's largest and tallest mountain range, which extends from north-central Oraena and into northern KNA. The steppes that engulf almost all of southern Oraena are the northernmost extension of the overarching steppe region in central northern Avalonia. The western- and easternmost regions of the country are home to the flattest terrain, with the western half in particular sitting at the confluence of various rivers flowing into the Adeline Sea from Arroyo-Abeille and Oraena, forming a small, which also acts as a natural boundary between both nations.

The country has access to the Boreal and Iapetus Oceans by way of the Adeline Sea and the Brigantic pass, respectively. It also has access to northern Avalonia's river network, giving it a direct riverine shipping route to the Ingonian coast. To the south, Oraena shares the shores of Lake with New Valentina and Shenewa, making trade and shipping between the three easily accessible.

Politics
Oraena is a  divided into 8 states. The government is divided into three branches: an, a , and a branch. The Constitution of Oraena is, and was first established in 1809, before being amended in its entirety in 1927, after the country's transition from a into a republic.

Government
Executive power is vested in the president, the vice president, and the Cabinet of Ministers. The president of Oraena is the federal, and is elected every 5 years jointly with a candidate for vice president. As head of state, the president is the head of Cabinet, as well as the of the Armed Forces. They are in charge of appointing all ministers, and the judges of the Supreme Court. Though unable to legislate, the president can make, usually in times of national urgency, and has the power to any and all bills passed by the Federal Congress. The vice president is appointed head of the Senate upon election, and is tasked with overseeing and preceding over all legislative sessions at the. The vice president is automatically inducted into the position of head of state in the event of the president's death, resignation, or.

The Cabinet of Ministers is a body of government formed by 12 officials or ministers, each appointed as the head of a specific governmental department, or. The position of minister is tied to that of the head of state, meaning that if a president is re-elected, all ministers previously appointed by them automatically maintain their position in government. Ministers can be replaced every one year and a half only by the president, but must always finish their 5-year term. If a president is not re-elected, their Cabinet is dissolved automatically in its entirety, with the exception of the ministers that did not finish their first term, unless re-appointed by the newly elected president. The only other instance during which the Cabinet might be dissolved is at the discretion of two-thirds of the House of Representatives, following a unanimous request by either the Supreme Court or the Senate. Legislative power resides within the Federal Congress of Oraena, a body of government comprising a Senate and a House of Representatives as its upper and, respectively. The Senate is formed by 40, with five seats per state, elected for 6-year terms each and renewed in halves every 3 years, and the vice president as its head. As the upper house of Congress, the Senate has the power to impeach the president at the request of the House of Representatives, and remove any judge from the Supreme Court if deemed unfit following a unanimous vote. The House of Representatives is formed by 267 representatives, with one seat for every 250,000 citizens, elected for 4-year terms and renewed in halves every 2 years. The chairman of the House of Representatives, also known as the Chief Representative, is elected biennially by the rest of the chamber and can only be removed with a vote of no confidence. The lower house can dissolve the Cabinet of Ministers, following a unanimous vote from the Senate or the Supreme Court, as well as approve or veto any declaration of war made by the standing commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces.

The lawmaking process in Congress can start at any of the two chambers, with exceptions. Firstly, a bill must be presented to either the Senate or the House of Representatives, by any given senator, representative, political coalition, or citizen, where it will undergo a vote. If the bill obtains approving votes from two-thirds of the total registered votes (null and absent votes are not counted as part of the registered total), it is then moved to the other chamber, if not, it will undergo revision and can only be re-entered into circulation during the next legislative year. If a bill is approved by two-thirds of both chambers, it is then passed to the president, who can choose to veto or approve the bill and turn it into a law. By default, all bills approved by the president are only registered as laws the first day of the following month, unless a specific date is stated as part of the bill. The lawmaking process can begin at any given chamber, however, six matters of state have specific origin chambers: Bills on, universal services (healthcare, education), and (energy, water, and gas), can only be first presented at the House of Representatives; bills on international relations (treaties, organizations, travel restrictions), national emergencies (natural disasters, ), and the constitution can only be first presented at the Senate. The federal judicial power is exercised by all federal courts of law in Oraena and is headed by the Supreme Court, which in turn comprises seven judges. Federal courts take precedence during instances specifically stated in the national civil or criminal codes, and are subdivided into two levels: courts of first instance, and appellate courts. Federal courts of first instance are divided into several chambers presided by a single judge, while appellate courts (of which there are 5 nationwide: Tributary, Criminal, Civil, Labor and Administrative) are divided into chambers presided by three judges each.

Supreme Court judges are appointed directly by the president with life tenure, and can be removed directly by the head of state or following a unanimous vote at the House of Representatives in the Federal Congress. Judges in federal courts of law are appointed following a contest every 5 years, and are granted life tenure. The contest is held by the Judiciary Assembly, comprised of representatives of three branches of legal and judicial society: 4 Attorneys, 4 Jurists, 4 Judges, 8 Legislators (4 Senators, and 4 representatives), and 1 Minister, for a total of 21 assembly members. Members of the Judiciary Assembly are appointed for 10 years and cannot be appointed two consecutive times. As the supreme interpreter of the Constitution, the judicial power can perform, however, this is only attributed to the judges of the Supreme Court and the federal appellate courts.

Economy
Oraena is a with a  and. Benefiting from rich natural resources, a high, a diversified industrial base, and an export-oriented agricultural sector, Oraena's economy is among the ten largest in the region, with a of $1.457 trillion (PPP), and $1.051 trillion (nominal). It has a "very high" of 0.841, with a medium  at 39.7, and a GDP per capita below the regional average at $15,750 (nominal) and $21,820 (PPP).

The national service sector makes up the largest percentage of the total GDP composition at 63%, or $917.9 billion, with the largest service companies in the country being and. Industry contributes 27% to the national GDP ($393.3 billion), wile the agricultural sector amounts to 10% ($145.7 billion). The largest industries in the country are the (particularly of vehicle parts),  and, while agriculture in the country focuses primarily in  and. Oraena's biggest imports are parts and accessories, refined petroleum, and telecommunication devices. Its biggest exports are, (minerals, fish, livestock, and fruits and vegetables), cargo and transportation services, and medicine. Oraena's largest export and import trading partners are its immediate neighbors, as well as other nations in northern and southern Avalonia, and a handful of countries in western Artemia and Kesh.

Demographics
Oraena's population estimate for January of 2023 was of 66,783,234 people, with a census report from December of 2020 of 61,344,996 people. Most of the population is concentrated within the northern and western urban centers, in particular the capital city of Atéhsa, with a metro population of 12 million. The two and only official languages are Oraen, spoken primarily by the native Oraen people, and, spoken by the western Artemian population, and as a second language by nearly 90% of all Oraen citizens. Oraena is a, however, as part of a new wave of religious revivalism, the native faith of Aktsí has resurged in recent times as the prominent religion, with almost 9.5 million followers nationwide as of 2023.

Ethnicity
According to the last census conducted in 2020, the population of Oraena can be divided into four categories based on their ethnic background: Indigenous, Artemian, Keshian and Mixed. Indigenous people make up the second-largest portion of the population at 39.6%, and it encompasses all ethnicities native to the Avalonian continent, the largest group of which comprises the Oraen people, the native population that makes up present-day Oraena, at 23.7 million people. The remaining 500,000 indigenous people of Oraena are related to other native ethnic groups of the region, such as the Anivwigawui, present in the south of the country. Artemian people make up 27.3% of the population, and are those with ancestry tracing back to the Artemian continent. The name is used as an umbrella term encompassing the various Artemian ethnic groups, with the most prevalent in the country being Ovancian people with a population of 14.5 million people. Other groups in this category include Tiperyn, Agranian and Goetic. The Artemian people of Oraena were primarily introduced as settler population during the territory's time as a colony (1534-1801), and stem mostly from western Artemian countries. In certain parts of the country, the term 'Artemian' is oftentimes replaced with 'colonial' or 'colonizer' by native Oraen people as a derogatory term.